Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VET 2050 SP 23 > Laboratory Procedures > Flashcards

Laboratory Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

PH, Aciduric and Alkaluric…

A

PH: This is the measurement of H+ ions. As they increase the H+, PH decrease and as they decrease the H+ the PH increases
Aciduric: Increased H+
Alkaluric: Decreased H+
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 371

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pyuria

A

Increased # of leukocytes in the urinary tract
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Azotemia

A

This is the increased number of nitrogenous waste in the blood. This is many times a renal azotemia where it from impaired kidney function
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bun and creatine normal levels

A

Bun: 5-20
Creatine: 0.6-1.6
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How often should the instruments be calibrated?

A

Every 6 months or for troubleshooting
Student#20
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 367

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What crystals are commonly found in the urine of healthy dogs and cats?

A

Struvites, calcium phosphate, and calcium oxalate

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What crystals are commonly found in horse urine?

A

Calcium carbonate

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glycosuria is typically seen with what disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 372

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Isosthenuria is what USG and may indicate what?

A

USG 1.008-1.012
May indicate renal dysfunction

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 371

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ELISA serologic test uses what technique?

A

The test detects the blood’s antibodies against a specific antigen using an enzyme-labeled assay.

Student #11 ML
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 368

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you distinguish hematuria from hemoglobinuria?

A

Spin down the sample in a centrifuge - red blood cells will settle at the bottom of the tube, whereas hemoglobin will remain suspended in the solution

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 370

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which casts on urinalysis are always considered abnormal?

A

Cellular, waxy, and fatty casts

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is lipemia (on serum analysis) characterized?

A

Increased turbidity of the sample ranging from haziness to a milky appearance

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 366

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are patient variables that may affect sample quality?

A

Age, breed, and diet

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If the patients life stage and disease state allow, how long should dogs and cats be fasted before obtaining samples to avoid lipemia that may occur after a meal?

A

12 hours

Student #6, AF, McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If USG is less than 1.008 what does this indicate?

A

Kidneys are functioning well and can actively dilute urine.

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:371

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

USG in the range of 1.008-1.012 is considered what?

A

Isothenuric

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:371

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why should the PH be measured shortly after collection?

A

When urine stands, Ph increases as a result of loss of CO2

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:371

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Should normal urine contain glucose?

A

NO!

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th Edition Page:372

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the refractometer provide when examining plasma?

A

-Plasma protein concentration
Student #4 BE, Pg 372

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rouleaux vs. agglutination? How to decipher between the two? Species that commonly present with rouleaux?

A

-Rouleaux the stacking of RBC’s (Always present in felines and equines)
-Agglutination is irregular clumping of RBC’s (most common in canines W/IMHA)
-Saline dispersion test is effective on Rouleaux but not agglutination
Student #4, BE, Pg 375

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the components within the microhematocrit tube after centrifugation?

A

-Plasma (upper portion)
-Buffy coat (middle portion consisting of WBC’s and platelets)
-Packed RBC’s (lower portion)
Student #4, BE, Pg 370

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If bilirubin is detected in this species urine, it indicates disease. What species am I?

A

Cat

Student #3, SC
McCurnin 10th edition Page:372

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does left shift indicate?

A

-Increased number of circulating band neutrophils, baby RBC being released from bone marrow prematurely to meet demand.
Student #4, BE, Pg. 383

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What information should be provided to a pathologist when submitting cytology?

A

-The labeled specimen should be submitted with the patient’s species, age, sex, a brief history, relevant physical findings, previous diagnostics and therapies, differential diagnoses, and site from which the sample was collected.
Student #4, BE, Pg 388

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a CBC (complete blood count)?

A

A test to evaluate peripheral blood typically includes packed cell volume, a red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration, RBC indices, a platelet count, a white blood cell (WBC) count, and a WBC differential.
Student # 10 AJ
McCurnins 10th edition page 368

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does packed cell volume mean?

A

Packed cell volume is the percentage of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood.
Student # 10 AJ
McCurins 10th edition page 369

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do you read an HCT?

A

Using a critocap chart. you place the bottom of the packed cells at zero and move it until the top of the plasma layer is at 100 and then you record the number that the buffy coat is at.
Student # 10 AJ
McCurins 10th edition page 370

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is another name for a codocytes?

A

A target cell
McCurins 10th edition
Student # 10 AJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a spherocyte?

A

A red blood cell that lacks a central zone of pallor and appears slightly smaller and denser than an RBC.
Student # 10 AJ
McCurins 10th edition page 378

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What animal has spuriously high measured albumin compared with total protein because of enhanced dye binding?

A

Rabbits
Student #2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Normal serum from dogs and cats looks like what vs normal serum from horses and ruminants?

A

Dogs and cats have clear and colorless serum
Horses and ruminants have light yellow serum
Student #2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 366

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

True or False?
The chemistry panel is a direct measure of an individual organ or cellular function.

A

False
Student #2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 364

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What constituent deteriorates if a UA sample is exposed to ultraviolet light?

A

Bilirubin
Student #2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 369

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Electrolyte disturbances can result from altered function of what parts of the body?

A

GI tract, kidney, skin and endocrine system
Student #2 vc
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the increase of ALT, and AST in dogs and cats may indicate?

A

Hepatocellular damage
Student #14 SP
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 364

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the collection methods for getting urine sample?

A

Free catch, cystocentesis, catheterization, or collection from the floor or cage.

Student #14 Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 369

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does it mean if urine is red tinted?

A

It indicates that there is prescence of RBCs in the urine (hematuria)
Student #14 sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 370

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dark yellow, yellow brown, or yellow green color in the urine can all indicate what in the urine?

A

Bilirubin

Student #14 Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 76

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If pH is less than 7 is it aciduric or alkaluric?

A

Aciduric

Student #14 Sp
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 371

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the most ideal urine collection method?

A

Cystocentesis and it will be the most sterile.
#19 MW
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 369

42
Q

What is an increased number of casts on a UA referred to as?

A

Cylinduria
#19 MW
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 373

43
Q

What are some common interference’s found on a chemistry panel?

A

Hemolysis, lipemia and icterus.
#19 MW
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364

44
Q

What test can help distinguish between prerenal and renal azotemia?

A

Urine specific gravity (USG)
#19 MW
McCurnin 19th ed. pg. 364

45
Q

If an animal has excitement induced hyperglycemia what should happen to glucose levels when the animal is no longer stressed?

A

They should drop back to normal.
#19 MW
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 364

46
Q

What factors can inadvertently cause hemolysis?

A

Difficult venipuncture, excessive pressure on syringe, rough transfer of blood or vigorous mixing.
#19 MW
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365

47
Q

What may calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in urine indicate?

A

Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity.
#13 KM
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 375

48
Q

Cloudy urine is normal for which species?

A

Horses (due to calcium carbonate crystals) and rabbits (due to mucus and calcium carbonate crystals).
#13 KM
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 371

49
Q

Preanalytical factors vs. analytical factors

A

Preanalytical factors that affect the quality of test results include the pre-collection, collection, sample handling, processing, and shipping. Analytical factors are those that affect the performance of the biochemical assays including the analyzer and other equipment.
#13 KM
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365-366

50
Q

How should serum samples be processed?

A

After collection, the tube should be set upright (vertical) for 15-30 minutes at room temp to properly clot, then be centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000-2000g to separate the serum.
#13 KM
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365

51
Q

What would be the ideal order of filling the following tubes with blood: purple-top EDTA, red-top for serum, and blue-top sodium citrate?

A

Red-top first followed by blue-top sodium citrate, then purple-top EDTA to avoid contamination of serum with anticoagulants.
#13 KM
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 365

52
Q

How can contamination be lessened when collecting urine via free catch?

A

Contamination may be lessened by catching urine midstream.
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg. 369

53
Q

How soon should a urine sample be examined after collection?

A

Ideally within 30 minutes.
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg. 369

54
Q

Why does Glycosuria occur?

A

Glycosuria occurs if glucose if glucose in the glomerular ultrafiltrate exceeds that ability the renal tubules to reabsorb the glucose.
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg. 372

55
Q

Leukocytes and RBC can occasionally be seen in a urine sample. What are the normal numbers to see depending on the sample collection method?

A

Voided: 0-8 per HPF
Catheterized: 0-5 per HPF
Cystocentesis: 0-3 per HPF
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg 373

56
Q

RBC may ____ in very dilute urine, or may ____ in highly concentrated urine

A

Lyse; shrink
Student #8 KH, McCurnin 10th ed pg 373

57
Q

Advantage of using heparinized samples

A

Both hematology and chemistry data can be obtained from a single tube
Student # 18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 394

58
Q

What color tube contains Lithium Heparin?

A

Green top tubes
Student # 18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg 394

59
Q

If your refractometer is functioning properly, distilled water should read an SG of what?

A

1.00
Student #18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg.399

60
Q

When viewing a urine sample under the microscope, what do you look for using x100 magnification?

A

x100 magnification (low power field) is used to identify and enumerate casts, and look for presence of crystals, cells, sperm, mucus, and lipid droplets.
Student#18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 400

61
Q

How do normal transitional epithelial cells appear in the microscopic examination of a UA?

A

Normal transitional epithelial cells (often present when urine is collected through catheterization) appear singularly (not clumped together)
Student #18 BKS, McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 401

62
Q

What is the measurement of renal function?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 393

63
Q

Why should heparinized plasma or serum be removed from the clot as soon as possible?

A

To prevent inaccurate results
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 394

64
Q

What does a SNAP 4Dx test screen for?

A

Heartworms, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Ehrlichia canis/Ehrlichia ewingii, and Anaplasma phagocytophyilum/ Anaplasma platys.
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 397

65
Q

How is a cystocentesis performed?

A

Inserting a needle attached to a syringe through the ventral body wall directly into the urinary bladder.
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 398

66
Q

What can cause an increase of albumin to develop?

A

Dehydration
Student #16 ER
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 393

67
Q

Which method of sample collection is most likely to contain contaminants?
Which is least likely?

A

Most likely: Free/voided catch
Least likely: Cystocentesis
#5 SF
McCurnin 9th ed. pg 398

68
Q

Define anisocytosis and list possible reasons for its occurrence.

A

5 SF

Variation in RBC size; may be due to regenerative anemia or iron deficiency anemia

McCurnin 9th ed. pg 377

69
Q

Which white blood cells are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?

A

5 SF

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes: Monocytes and lymphocytes

McCurnin 9th ed. pg 381

70
Q

Are segmented or banded neutrophils more mature?

A

5 SF

Segmented

McCurnin 9th ed. pg 383

71
Q

What conditions may cause mast cells to be seen on a blood smear?

A

5 SF

Inflammatory disease or mast cell tumors

McCurnin 9th ed. pg 384

72
Q

To distinguish Prerenal Azotemia, BUN and Creat must be interpreted in conjunction with _______ and a concurrent _______?

A

Blank #1
Patient hydration status
Blank #2
USG
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 364

73
Q

Why is QC essential? What is a QC system designed for?

A

Q1
For laboratories to produce accurate and reliable results
Q2
Detecting problems before test results are reported
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 367

74
Q

What can alter the number and type of cellular elements?

A

The collection method
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 372

75
Q

Squamous cells originate from the urethra, vagina, or prepuce. Therefore, it would be abnormal to see squamous cells in which form of urinary collection?

A

Cystocentesis
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 372

76
Q

Crystalluria vs Cylindruria?

A

Crystals in the urine vs increased number of casts in the urine
#1, MA
McCurnin 10th ed. pg 373

77
Q

What is the maximum storage time of urine at a refrigerated temperature?

A

6-24 hours
Student #9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 369

78
Q

Ideally, how soon should urine be analyzed after collection?

A

30 minutes.
Student #9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 369

79
Q

What is the serum protein normally found in the highest concentration?

A

Albumin
Student #9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365

80
Q

What can be prevented if you fill all blood collection tubes with the appropriate blood volume?

A

Iatrogenic dilution errors
Student #9 KJ
McCurnin 10th ed. pg. 365

81
Q

How do Heinz bodies occur?

A

Heinz bodies occur with oxidative damage to the hemoglobin in RBCs
#15
HP
McCurnin 9th ed, pg. 378

82
Q

What can indicate lead toxicity in a blood smear?

A

Basophilic stippling
#15
HP
McCurnin 9th ed, pg. 380

83
Q

Babesia is most often found in what species?

A

Babesia is most commonly found in dogs.
#15
HP
MeCurnin 9th ed, pg. 381

84
Q

How are controls important for QC?

A

Controls are used to monitor the performance of a test to ensure that the instrument and/or test procedure is working correctly.
#12 JL
McCurnin 10th ed, pg.367

85
Q

Define alkaluric

A

A pH above 7 (decreased H+)
#12 JL
McCurnin 10th ed, pg.371

86
Q

What is the renal threshold for blood glucose levels?

A

180 mg/dL for dogs, 300 mg/dL for cats, 100 mg/dL for horses/cattle
#12 JL
McCurnin 10th ed, pg. 372

87
Q

Where does bilirubin come from?

A

Bilirubin results from the metabolism of hemoglobin and is normally excreted in bile.
#12 JL
McCurnin 10th ed, pg.372

88
Q

Low Power Field vs. High Power Field

A

LPF: x100 magnification
HPF: x400 magnification
#12 JL
McCurnin 10th ed, pg.372

89
Q

What is the calculation for RBC indices?

A

MCV(fl)= (HCT% x 10) / (RBC count x 10^12/ L)
#15
HP
McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 371

90
Q

What is the normal urine pH for carnivores (dogs/cats)?

A

A normal pH for carnivores is between 5.0 to 7.5.
#15
HP
McCurnin 9th ed. pg. 399

91
Q

Metabolic disease that is characterized by increased lipid or impaired carbohydrate metabolism

A

Ketosis
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:372

92
Q

When microscopically evaluating urine samples, what can be seen using HPF (x400 magnification)?

A

RBCs, leukocytes, epithelial cells, microorganisms, and crystals
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:372

93
Q

Which casts are considered normal?

A

Small numbers of hyaline and granular casts.
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:373

94
Q

What can cause alterations to the serum electrolytes and enzymes?

A

Cellular leakage, hemolysis, and lysis are causes of alterations
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:365

95
Q

What does a positive antibody test indicate?

A

Exposure to a disease-causing agent, but not always indicative of a current infection.
Student #7, HHS
McCurnin 10th edition, pg:368

96
Q

What are casts?

A

Casts are trapped cells/debris with protein. They form in the distal renal tubules.
Student #17 TSR
McCurnin 10th edition Page 373

97
Q

How soon do Ketones in the urine need to be chemically analyzed?

A

Immediately. Exposure to air will alter the ketone concentration.
Student #17 TSR
McCurnin 10th edition Page 372

98
Q

True or False? Is a urine sample directly from the fridge viable?

A

False.
Student #17 TSR
McCurnin 10th edition Page 371

99
Q

How long can a urine sample sit in the fridge before testing and still be viable?

A

24 hrs
Student #17 TSR
McCurnin 10th edition Page 371

100
Q

What happens to glucose in serum when it sits for longer than 1 hr?

A

Glucose will decrease (it gets used by cells).
Student #17 TSR
McCurnin 10th edition Page 365

VET 2050 SP 23 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions