Pharmacology Orientation and Scope

Question 1

Pro-drug

Answer 1

Converted to active drug by biologic processes in the body.

Question 2

Pharmacotherapeautics

Answer 2

Determines appropriate use of meds to treat, manage or prevent SX.

Question 3

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 3

Studies genetic impact on drugs metabolism, etc.

Question 4

Chemical name

Generic name

Trade/brand name

Answer 4

4, 5-epoxy-3, 1,4-dihydroxy…

Oxymorphone hydrochloride

OPANA (Micardis, Keflex, etc.)

Question 5

Synergistic effect

Answer 5

3 + 3 = 9

Question 6

Potentiation effect

Answer 6

4 + 0 = 7

Question 7

Functional antagonism

Answer 7

2 agonists interact w/ different receptors to produce opposite effects (adrenergic drug/vasodilator)

Question 8

Chemical antagonism

Answer 8

Drug counters the effect of another resulting in decreased effect (CaNa2 EDTA and Pb/As)

Question 9

Disproportional antagonism

Answer 9

Metabolism of a chemical is altered and the concentration and/or duration of the chemical are diminished (EtOh/Methanol > Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 10

Receptor antagonism

Answer 10

Receptor configuration/specificity

Question 11

Therapaeutic equivalence

Answer 11

Drugs must be pharmaceutically-equivalent AND expected to have the same (1) therapeautic (clinical) effect and (2) safety profile.

Question 12

2 requirements of bioequivalence

Answer 12

1. Similar rate and extent of absorption

2. 80-125% of reference point

Question 13

What are 3 categories of deleterious side effects?

Answer 13

Pharmacological
Pathological
Genotoxic

Question 14

Micro/Milli is…

Answer 14

1/1000th

Question 15

1 kg =

Answer 15

2.2 lbs

Question 16

1 tsp =

Answer 16

5 ml

Question 17

1 tbsp =

Answer 17

15 ml = 3 tsps

Question 18

1 oz =

Answer 18

30 ml

Question 19

1 qt =

Answer 19

946 ml = 2 pints

Question 20

1 pint =

Answer 20

473 ml

Question 21

1 L =

Answer 21

1000 ml

Question 22

1 gal =

Answer 22

3.79 L = 4 qts = 8 pints

Question 23

Schedule 1

Answer 23

All non-research use is illegal under federal law. Not used in clinic.

Question 24

Schedule 2

Answer 24

No telephone Rx, no refills.

-high potential for abuse which can cause severe psych/physical dependence.

Question 25

Schedule 3

Answer 25

New Rx written after 6 mo or 5 refills. | -Moderate to low potential for psych/physical abuse.

Question 26

Schedule 4

Answer 26

Rx must be written after 6 mo or 5 refills. Differs from Schedule 3 for illegal possession. -Low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.

Question 27

Schedule 5

Answer 27

Non-opioid Rx. Dispensed w/o Rx.

Question 28

Pregnancy risk categories (4)

Answer 28

Risk exposure registry Risk summary Clinical considerations Data

Question 29

Lactation risk categories (3)

Answer 29

Risk summary Clinical considerations Data

Question 30

Females and Males of Reproductive Potential (3)

Answer 30

Pregnancy testing Contraception Infertility

Question 31

``` qd bid tid qid qod ```

Answer 31

``` qd - daily bid - 2x daily tid - 3x daily qid - 4x daily qod - every other day ```

Question 32

``` q am q pm qhs ac pc ```

Answer 32

``` q am: every morning q pm: every evening qhs: every night at bedtime ac: before meals pc: after meals ```

Question 33

od os ou

Answer 33

od: right eye os: left eye ou: both eyes

Question 34

ad as au

Answer 34

ad: right ear as: left ear au: both ears

Question 35

po | sl

Answer 35

po: orally sl: sublingual

Question 36

``` iv im sq pr NGT OGT ```

Answer 36

iv: intravenously im: intramuscularly sq: subQ pr: per rectum NGT: naso-gastric tube OGT: oro-gastric tube

Question 37

2 major reasons in past years for drug therapy failure

Answer 37

1. Medication errors | 2. Patient compliance

Question 38

3 major steps of Drug Action in a Biological System and where do PK and PD come into play?

Answer 38

1. Prescribed dose --> Administered dose (pt. compliance) 2. Administered dose --> Conc. at site of action (PK) 3. Conc. at site of action --> drug effects (PD)

Question 39

What ratio makes up the therapaeutic window?

Answer 39

Minimum effective conc. (MEC)/Minimum toxic conc. (MTC)

Question 40

Drugs w/ a low therapeautic window (TI)

Answer 40

``` Digoxin Li Warfarin Theophylline Phenytoin Gentamycin Amphotericin B 5-fluorouracil ```

Question 41

On a dose-response curve, how is potency determined?

Answer 41

The drug that has an effect at the lowest conc. (furthest toward Y-axis)

Question 42

On a dose-response curve, how is effectiveness determined?

Answer 42

The drugs that have the greatest response (highest on Y-axis)

Question 43

"A" codes vs. "B" codes for therapeautic equivalence

Answer 43

A: drug considered to be therapeautically equivalent to other pharmaceautically equivalent products. B: drug products that FDA currently does not consider to be therapeautically equivalent to other pharmaceautically equivalent products.

Question 44

2 classes of meds/drugs (1 subclass)

Answer 44

1. OTC - no Rx needed. 2. Legend - Rx needed. - A: Scheduled/controlled: based on abuse potential. - B: Non-scheduled/non-controlled: no abuse potential.