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Drug Action > Pharmacology of Respiratory Disorders > Flashcards

Pharmacology of Respiratory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration is concerned with the exchange of what two gases?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Major causes of respiratory disorders

A

Smoking
Radon
Air pollution
Infections

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3
Q

What are the four categories of pulmonary disease?

A

Airway disease
Interstitial lung disease
Pulmonary circulation disease
Lung disorder due to infection

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4
Q

Examples of airway diseases

A

Asthma, COPD

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5
Q

Examples of interstitial lung diseases

A

Cystic fibrosis/pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis

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6
Q

Interstitial lung disease causes

A

Scarring
Inflammation
Reduced elasticity

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7
Q

Examples of pulmonary circulation diseases

A

Pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism

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8
Q

Examples of lung disorders due to infection

A

Influenza, pneumonia

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9
Q

True or false: Respiratory disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S.

A

False. It is after cardiovascular disease and cancer.

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10
Q

Two major characteristics of asthma

A

Inflammation of airways

Exaggerated airway smooth muscle constriction

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11
Q

Asthma is both a(n) _________ lung disease and a(n) _______ lung disease

A

Obstructive, inflammatory

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12
Q

The inflammatory component of asthma is marked by what characteristics?

A

Airway edema
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Mucus secretion
Infiltration and cytokine release by immune cells

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13
Q

True or false: Over time, asthma can cause airway remodeling and permanent deterioration in pulmonary function

A

True

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14
Q

The ________ tone causes bronchodilation

A

sympathetic (adrenergic)

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15
Q

The ________ tone causes bronchoconstriction

A

Parasympathetic (cholinergic)

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16
Q

Bronchial tone can be regulated by adrenergic, cholinergic and _______ fibers

A

Nonadrenergic noncholinergic fibers (NANC)

17
Q

The airway smooth muscle cells express what kind of receptors that are responsive to circulating catecholamines?

A

beta-2-adrenergic receptors

18
Q

Which nerve parasympathetically innervates the lungs?

A

Vagus nerve

19
Q

Airway smooth muscle cells express which muscarinic receptor subtype?

A

M3

20
Q

Acetylcholine stimulates muscarinic receptors inducing what action?

A

Bronchodilation

21
Q

Are airway NANC fibers primarily under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

A

Parasympathetic

22
Q

What do NANAC fibers release?

A

Neuropeptides; neurokinin A, bradykinin, tachykinin, etc

23
Q

Measurements of what can be used to assess intensity of airway inflammation?

A

Nitric oxide

24
Q

Two important agents used in the treatment of asthma are

A

Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents

25
Q

What class of anti-inflammatory medication is most often used to treat asthma?

A

Corticosteroids

26
Q

What is cough variant asthma?

A

Airway inflammation leading to chronic cough in asthmatic individuals

27
Q

What are the four categories of asthma phenotyping?

A

Early onset asthma
Late onset asthma
Exercise induced asthma
Obesity related asthma

28
Q

Patients with early onset asthma have high levels of _____ antibodies and respond well to ________ therapy

A

IgE, corticosteroid

29
Q

Patients with late onset asthma have high levels of _____ antibodies and respond well to ________ and _______ therapy

A

IL-5; IL-5 antibody and cysteinyl leukotriene modifiers

30
Q

Patients with exercise induced asthma have high levels of _____, _____ and ______. They respond well to ________, ________ and _______ therapy

A

mast cells, TH2 cytokines and cysteinyl leukotrienes; cysteinyl leukotriene modifiers, beta agonists and IL-9 antibody

31
Q

What is the best treatment for obesity related asthma?

A

Weight loss. Other therapies that may help include antioxidants and hormonal therapy

32
Q

True or false: Late onset asthma and obesity related asthma most often affect men

A

False. They mostly affect women

33
Q

True or false: Early onset asthma is the most common type of the four phenotypes

A

True. About 50% of the patient population

34
Q

What are acute symptoms of asthma?

A 
SOB
Wheezing
Whistling when exhaling
Cough 
Chest tightness
35
Q

What are two signs of chronic pulmonary hyperinflation?

A

Barrel chest and diminished diaphragm movement

36
Q

Beta-2-adrenergic agonist MOA

A

Relaxes smooth muscle of the airway causing bronchodilation

37
Q

Beta-2-adrenergic agonist examples

A

Albuterol, terbutaline, levalbuterol, pirbuterol, epinephrine, isoproterenol

38
Q

Anticholinergic examples

A

Ipratropium bromide, methylxanthines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors

39
Q

Adverse effects of methylxanthines

A

Cardiac arrhythmias, nausea and vomiting

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