Diabetic Disorder

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus (generally) is a ________ disorder

Answer 1

Metabolic

Question 2

Characterized by this term for high blood glucose levels

Answer 2

Hyperglycemia

Question 3

Mellitus is Latin for _______

Answer 3

Honey/sweet

Question 4

Diabetes insipidus is a _________ disease

Answer 4

Polyuric

Question 5

Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus both cause frequent _____ and ______

Answer 5

Thirst, urination

Question 6

Four major types of diabetes

Answer 6

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
Diabetes due to other factors (genetic, medications, etc.)

Question 7

Type 1 diabetes involves autoimmune destruction of insulin producing ______ cells in the _______

Answer 7

Beta, pancreas

Question 8

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin ______, where the body does not produce appropriate amounts of insulin

Answer 8

Resistance

Question 9

What two hormones are most important in glucose homeostasis?

Answer 9

Insulin and glucagon

Question 10

Regulated range of blood glucose concentration is about __-__ mg/dl

Answer 10

70-120 mg/dl

Question 11

Insulin causes uptake of ______ by muscle and liver to form ______

Answer 11

Glucose, glycogen

Question 12

Insulin causes uptake of ______ in adipose tissue to form _______

Answer 12

Glucose, fat

Question 13

Insulin secretion is regulated by ________ feedback mechanism

Answer 13

Negative

Question 14

______ is activated by exercise and decreases glucose production, decreases lipid synthesis and decreases protein synthesis in the liver

Answer 14

AMPK (adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase)

Question 15

_______ is cosecreted with insulin and slows gastric emptying, enhancing glucose absorption

Answer 15

Amylin (glucagon-like peptide-1)

Question 16

This receptor is a key intracellular mediator in energy storage

Answer 16

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y (PPARy)

Question 17

Activation of PPARy (inc/dec) serum free fatty acid levels and (inc/dec) lipogenesis in adipose tissue

Answer 17

Decreases, increases

Question 18

PPARy is the target for what class of diabetes drugs?

Answer 18

Thiazolidinedione (TZD)

Question 19

True or false: Glucose is freely absorbed from intestines and by cells that utilize it for energy

Answer 19

False. It requires glucose transporters

Question 20

Sodium glucose cotransporters are located in all areas EXCEPT:
Brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, heart and proximal convoluted tube

Answer 20

Kidneys

Question 21

Selective sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT-2) inhibitors (inc/dec) blood glucose levels, (inc/dec) HbA1c levels, (inc/dec) body weight

Answer 21

Decrease, decrease, decrease

Question 22

What is the most abundant facilitative glucose transporter (GLUTS)?

Answer 22

GLUT4 transporter

Question 23

GLUT4 transporters are expressed where?

Answer 23

Adipose tissue
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Heart muscle

Question 24

Insulin is comprised of how many amino acids?

Answer 24

51 AA

Question 25

What are the three stages of insulin in its synthesis?

Answer 25

Preproinsulin, proinsulin, insulin

Question 26

True or false: Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin at rest that is stored in secretory vesicles at the plasma membrane

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or false: Basal insulin rate decreases upon beta cell exposure to glucose

Answer 27

False

Question 28

True or false: Open K+/ATP channel hyperpolarizes the cell causing a release of insulin

Answer 28

False. Depolarization of the cell causes the release of insulin

Question 29

Insulin receptors are present in very high levels at which three areas?

Answer 29

Liver, muscle, adipose tissue

Question 30

In skeletal muclse and adipose tissue, insulin stimulates translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the cell surface. This facilitates the transport of ______ into the cell

Answer 30

Glucose

Question 31

Insulin as a(n) anabolic or catabolic hormone?

Answer 31

Anabolic

Question 32

Glucagon is a(n) anabolic or catabolic hormone?

Answer 32

Catabolic

Question 33

Glucagon is comprised of how many amino acids?

Answer 33

29 AA

Question 34

Glucagon is secreted from pancreatic _______ cells

Answer 34

Alpha

Question 35

Glucagon binds to ______ on target cells

Answer 35

GPCR

Question 36

Microvasculature complications due to diabetes include

Answer 36

Blindness (retina), end-stage renal disease (renal glomerulus) and neuropathy (peripheral nerves)

Question 37

Macrovascular complications due to diabetes include

Answer 37

atherosclerosis, MI, stroke and limb amputations