Diabetic Disorder Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus (generally) is a ________ disorder
Metabolic
Characterized by this term for high blood glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
Mellitus is Latin for _______
Honey/sweet
Diabetes insipidus is a _________ disease
Polyuric
Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus both cause frequent _____ and ______
Thirst, urination
Four major types of diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
Diabetes due to other factors (genetic, medications, etc.)
Type 1 diabetes involves autoimmune destruction of insulin producing ______ cells in the _______
Beta, pancreas
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin ______, where the body does not produce appropriate amounts of insulin
Resistance
What two hormones are most important in glucose homeostasis?
Insulin and glucagon
Regulated range of blood glucose concentration is about __-__ mg/dl
70-120 mg/dl
Insulin causes uptake of ______ by muscle and liver to form ______
Glucose, glycogen
Insulin causes uptake of ______ in adipose tissue to form _______
Glucose, fat
Insulin secretion is regulated by ________ feedback mechanism
Negative
______ is activated by exercise and decreases glucose production, decreases lipid synthesis and decreases protein synthesis in the liver
AMPK (adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase)
_______ is cosecreted with insulin and slows gastric emptying, enhancing glucose absorption
Amylin (glucagon-like peptide-1)
This receptor is a key intracellular mediator in energy storage
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y (PPARy)
Activation of PPARy (inc/dec) serum free fatty acid levels and (inc/dec) lipogenesis in adipose tissue
Decreases, increases
PPARy is the target for what class of diabetes drugs?
Thiazolidinedione (TZD)
True or false: Glucose is freely absorbed from intestines and by cells that utilize it for energy
False. It requires glucose transporters
Sodium glucose cotransporters are located in all areas EXCEPT:
Brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, heart and proximal convoluted tube
Kidneys
Selective sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT-2) inhibitors (inc/dec) blood glucose levels, (inc/dec) HbA1c levels, (inc/dec) body weight
Decrease, decrease, decrease
What is the most abundant facilitative glucose transporter (GLUTS)?
GLUT4 transporter
GLUT4 transporters are expressed where?
Adipose tissue
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Heart muscle
Insulin is comprised of how many amino acids?
51 AA
What are the three stages of insulin in its synthesis?
Preproinsulin, proinsulin, insulin
True or false: Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin at rest that is stored in secretory vesicles at the plasma membrane
True
True or false: Basal insulin rate decreases upon beta cell exposure to glucose
False
True or false: Open K+/ATP channel hyperpolarizes the cell causing a release of insulin
False. Depolarization of the cell causes the release of insulin
Insulin receptors are present in very high levels at which three areas?
Liver, muscle, adipose tissue
In skeletal muclse and adipose tissue, insulin stimulates translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the cell surface. This facilitates the transport of ______ into the cell
Glucose
Insulin as a(n) anabolic or catabolic hormone?
Anabolic
Glucagon is a(n) anabolic or catabolic hormone?
Catabolic
Glucagon is comprised of how many amino acids?
29 AA
Glucagon is secreted from pancreatic _______ cells
Alpha
Glucagon binds to ______ on target cells
GPCR
Microvasculature complications due to diabetes include
Blindness (retina), end-stage renal disease (renal glomerulus) and neuropathy (peripheral nerves)
Macrovascular complications due to diabetes include
atherosclerosis, MI, stroke and limb amputations
