Pharmacology of heart failure

Question 1

effect of opioid K receptors (3)

Answer 1

Sedation
Analgesia (spinal)
Miosis

Question 2

effect of opioid u-receptor

Answer 2

u1 	Physical dependence, euphoria
u2 	Analgesia (supra-spinal), Respiratory Depression,

Question 3

effect of the opioid d receptor (4)

Answer 3

Dysphoria
Resp & vaosmotor stimulation
Hallucination
Mydriasis

Question 4

effect of opioid o receptor (2)

Answer 4

Analgesia

GH release

Question 5

how do opioid agonists help in heart failure

Answer 5

Relief of heart failure (reduce pre- and after- load)

Relief of distress in acute left ventricular failure

Question 6

3 unwanted side effects of opioid agonists

Answer 6

Respiratory depression & sedation
Hypotension (bronchospasm)
Nausea & vomiting

Question 7

what receptors do opioid agonists act on

Answer 7

u, d, k

Question 8

uses of loop diuretics in heart failure

Answer 8

Relief of heart failure symptoms (pre-load)

Treatment of Na+ and H2O overload

Question 9

4 side effects of loop diuretics

Answer 9

Hypovolaemia & hypotension
Hypokalaemia; (Hypo –magnesaemia & -calcaemia)
Hyperuricaemia
Dose-related hearing loss

Question 10

MOA of nitrates

Answer 10

Indirect NO donor

Activates Guanylate Cyclase in VSM production of cGMP ( raised [Ca 2+ ]i ) and relaxation of SM

Question 11

3 therapeutic effects of aldosterone antagonists

Answer 11

reduced BP
reduced mortality in Severe Heart Failure
Elevates K+ & maintains Mg2+ levels

Question 12

2 side effects of aldosterone antagonists

Answer 12

Hypotension

Renal impairment & raised K+