Pharmacology Made Easy: Infection Flashcards
How do gram positive and gram negative bacteria vary when it comes to their cell walls?
- Gram positive: Two layer cell wall, easy to penetrate.
- Gram negative: Three layer cell wall, more difficult to penetrate.
Common gram positive bacteria?
- Streptococcus
- Staphylococcus
- Diptheria
- Listeria
Common gram negative bacteria?
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Neisseria gonorrhea
- E. coli
- Salmonella
Broad spectrum antimicrobial antibiotics drug classes?
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporins
- Carbapenems
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Flouroquinolones
- Sulfonamides
- Urinary tract antiseptics (nitrofuantoin)
Narrow spectrum antimicrobial antibiotic drug classes?
- Monobactams
- Vancomycin (glycopeptide)
- Aminoglycosides
A nurse is caring for a patient who was diagnosed with an ear infection. What class of antibiotic would you expect the provider to prescribe?
Penicillin
Used to treat ear and throat infections
A nurse is caring for a patient who has a new diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. What class of antibiotic would you expect the provider to prescribe?
Third generation cephalosporins because they can cross the blood-brain barrier
Monobactams are typically prescribed to treat?
Infections of the:
* Lower respiratory tract
* Abdomen
* Urinary tract
* Gynecologic
What is a serious adverse effect of monobactams?
- C. diff
- Anaphylaxis
Carbapenems are typically prescribed to treat?
Broad source of bacterial infections.
Imipenem can increase risk for developing
Superinfection
Secondary fungal infection of mouth
Broad spectrum antibiotics increase your risk for developing?
Superinfections
What are some common superinfections caused by broad spectrum antibiotic use?
- C. diff
- Candida
A patient who is taking a tetraycline medication is at increased risk for?
Photosensitivity
When it comes to children and tetracycline, what is an odd adverse reaction when children under 8 take this medication?
It can stain their teeth as well as suppress long bone growth in infants.
What is a rare ekg adverse effect of macrolides?
QT prolongation, which results in a ventricular arrhythmia, ultimately resulting in death.
What are some potential adverse effects of macrolides, amonioglycosides, and vancomycin?
Ototoxicity, resulting in:
* Transient hearing loss
* Vertigo
* Tinnitus
Vancomycin and aminoglycosides can be detrimental to this oragn, which should be monitored while the patient is taking the medication.
Kidneys, they are nephrotoxic.
What is the purpose of clavulanic acid?
Not effective alone as an antibiotic, but is effective when coupled with a beta-lactam antibiotic (like ampicillin), to prevent the breakdown of the beta-lactam antibiotic by bacteria.
What generation of cephalosporins are more effects against gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria?
The later generations are more effective at treating gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria than the first generation.
A patient who is allergic to penicillin is being prescribed keflex to treat a skin infection. What must the nurse be weare about with the patient taking this medication?
Keflex is a cephalosporin type abx, which has a beta-lactam ring, closely resembling PCN, therefore the patient has a high probability of developing a severe allergic reaction to keflex.
A patient who is taking Cefotan and coumadin is at an increased risk of what?
Bleeding. Cefotan increases risk for bleeding.
Monobactams are more effective against what gram type bacteria?
Aerobic gram-negative bacteria because they inhibit cell wall formation.
