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USMLE Step 1 > Pharmacology -- Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Pharmacology -- Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Primaquine

A

Malaria prophylaxis

Used for extraerythrocytic forms Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale

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2
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Quinolone derivative
Both gam + and - coverage
Disrupts DNA gyrases: topo II and IV.

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3
Q

Tetracyclines, anuria and “the exception”

A

Tetracyclines contraindicated in anuric pt. due to production of (-)Nitrogen balance and Inc BUN levels.
Doxycycline is the exception

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4
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

3rd gen cephalosporin
DOC for bacterial meningitis in kids (e.g. HiB)
one dose tx for gonorrhea

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5
Q

Hepatic coma DOC

A

Neomycin (aminoglycoside)– supresses normal flora= Dec NH4 prod.= Dec free nitrogen levels in blood stream

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6
Q

Clavulanic acid

A

Irreversible inhibitor of Beta-lactamases, but not transpeptidase
combined w beta-lac sensitive penicillins
usually amoxacillin (Augmentin) or ticercillin (Timentin)

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7
Q

Piperacillin

A

Tx: Pseudomonas & Klebsiella
Broad spec Abx, ureidopenicillin
usually combined w/ tazobactam

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8
Q

Streptomycin

A

Tx: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

-aminoglycoside – protein synth inhib by bind to 30 s subunit

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9
Q

Isoniazid

A

Most commonly used drug for TB
Usually combined w Rifampin and/or Ethambutol
Pre-tx w pyridoxine (Vit B6) can prevent peripheral neuritis

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10
Q

Pyrantel Pamoate

A

Tx: Hookworm
Depolarizing NMJ inhibitor–causing sudden contraction, followed by paralysis, of helminths. worm to “lose its grip” on intestine

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11
Q

Buy “AT” 30, “CELL” at 50

A 
A=aminoglycosides
T=tetracyclines
30= 30S ribosomal subunit
C=chloramphenicol
E= Erythromycin (macrolide)
L= clindamycin
L= lincomycin
50=50S subunit
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12
Q

Cefotoxin

A

Tx: intraabdominal infections (e.g. w Bacteroides fragilis)

Tradition tx has ben clindamycin & gentamycin

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13
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Broad spec Abx
Bone marrow suppression (common)- aplastic anemia (rare)
Gray baby syndrome (choram. can’t be conjugated)
DOC Typhoid fever (symptomatic salmonella infect.)
DOC HiB meningitis in kids– esp. strain resistant to ampicillin

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14
Q

Nifurtimox

A

Tx: trypanosomiasis

an antiparasitic

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15
Q

Metronidazole

A

Tx: Leishmaniasis & Amebiasis
God for anaerobic bacteria e.g. B. fragilis, C. Diff
DOC Trichomoniasis
DOC Giardia lambia

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16
Q

Txt P. Carinii

A

TMP-SMX & Pentamidine

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17
Q

Tetracycline

A

Tx: Brucellosis & Cholera, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, spirochete infections like Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferia)
-30S protein synth inhibition

18
Q

TMP-SMX

A

Anti-dyhydrofolate reductase activity
sulfonamide abx combo– inhibit successive steps in folate synth
trade: bactrim

19
Q

Benzathine Penicillin G

A

Long duration of action…given every 3-4 weeks for tx of syphilis

20
Q

Praziquantel

A

Tx: schistosomiasis (flukes/trematodes)

21
Q

Melarsoprol

A

Tx trypanosomiasis w/ neurological sx

i.e. when “sleeping sickness” signs have already started

22
Q

Stibogluconate

A

Tx: Leishmaniasis

23
Q

Fluconazole

A

Tx: fungal encephalitis
mech: inhibits fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase
block conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol

24
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Ployene antifungal… binds ergosterol

“ampho-terrible” …severe side effects

25
Q

Ketoconazole MOA

A

Inhibits fungal ergosterol synth= disrupts membrane

26
Q

Griseofulvin MOA

A

accumulates in keratinized layers of skin= used in dermatomycoses infections

27
Q

Mefloquine

A

Anti-malarial

Tx: chloroquine resistant strains= P. falciparum

28
Q

Chloroquine

A

tx: malaria when inside RBC

29
Q

Nifurtimox

A

DOC Chagas disease due to T. cruzi

30
Q

Erythromycin

A

Used in pt.s allergic to penicillin

Macrolide- blocks aminoacyl translocation, prevents tRNA from moving from A–P site at the A site of rRNA complex

31
Q

Nystatin

A

Topical tx of superficial mycotic infection, e.g. candidiasis

32
Q

Acyclovir

A

Guinine analog

Tx: Herpes infections (HSV1, 2, VZV, EBV)

33
Q

Imipenem

A

Carbapenem–Broad spec beta-lactam Abx
Used w Cilastatin
Can cause seizures

34
Q

Cefoperazone side effects

A

Bleeding due to vit K level alterations
contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding d/os
(third gen cephalosporin)

35
Q

Vancomycin

A

Used for MRSA

“red neck” due to histamine release –> facial flushing

36
Q

Meropenem

A

Use w/ cilastatins

Doesn’t cause seizures (unlike Imipenem)

37
Q

Nafcillin

A

Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment

38
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Seen w use of: metronidazole, isoniazid, vincristine, ddI, AZT, allopurinol (gout tx)

39
Q

Sulfonamides & newborns

A

Kernicterus can occur (neuro)

40
Q

“O.N.E.” for gonorrhea

A

Fluroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:
O= Oflaxacin
N= Norfloxacin
E= Enoxacin

41
Q

Ribavirin

USMLE Step 1 (9 decks)

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