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USMLE Step 1 > Hallmark Findings > Flashcards

Hallmark Findings Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation

A

Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)

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2
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

ideopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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3
Q

Arachnodactyly

A

Marfan’s

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4
Q

Aschoff Bodies

A

Rheumatic Fever

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5
Q

Auer Rods

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3)

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6
Q

Autosplenectomy

A

Sickle Cell Anemia –switch a glu –>val in β chain (Low O2 ↑ sickling)
Other features:
-Low O2 ↑ sickling
-Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection
-Salmonella osteomyelitis
- Vaso-occlusive painful crisises
-Hydroxyurea as Txt (↑ HbF) & Bone marrow transplant

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7
Q

Babinski

A

UMN lesion, normal < 1 yr of age

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8
Q

Basophilic Stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning

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9
Q

Bence Jones Protein

A

Multiple myeloma

Waldenstrom’’s macroglobinemia

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10
Q

Birbeck Granules

A

Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)

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11
Q

Blue Bloater

A 
Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic
recurrent productive cough)
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12
Q

Boot-shaped heart

A

Tetrology of Fallot

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13
Q

Bouchard’s Nodes

A

Osteoarthritis (Proximal IP joint of the fingers)

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14
Q

Boutonniere’s Deformity

A

Rheumatoid arthritis- flex proximal & extend distal IP joints

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15
Q

Brown Tumor

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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16
Q

Brushfield Spots

A

Down’s Syndrome

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17
Q

Call-Exner Bodies

A
  • Granulosa cell tumor: associated w/ endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma
  • Granuloma-Theca cell tumor
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18
Q

Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy

A

Chagas’ Disease

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19
Q

Chancre

A

Primary Syphilis…painless

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20
Q

Chancroid

A

Haemophilus ducreyi (aka Chancroid)…painful!

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21
Q

Charcot Triad

A

Multiple Sclerosis

Triad is: nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech

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22
Q

Charcot-Leyden Crystals

A

Bronchial asthma

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23
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

A

Cerebral lesion–

Breathing pattern– oscillation of ventilation between apnea and hyperpnea with a crescendo-diminuendo pattern

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24
Q

Chocolate Cysts

A

Endometriosis

– cysts aka endometrioma

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25
Q

Chvostek’s Sign

A

Hypocalcemia

– facial spasm in tetany

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26
Q

Clue Cells

A

Gardernella vaginitis

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27
Q

Codman’s Triangle

A

Osteosarcoma

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28
Q

Cold Agglutinins

A

Infectious mononucleosis

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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29
Q

Condyloma Lata

A

Secondary Syphilis

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30
Q

Cotton Wool Spots

A
  • HTN

- Aka, cytoid bodies seen w/ SLE (yellowish cotton wool fundal lesions)

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31
Q

Councilman Bodies

A
  • Hep B
  • Yellow Fever
  • -dying hepatocytes
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32
Q

Crescents In Bowman’s Capsule

A

Rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)

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33
Q

Currant-Jelly Sputum

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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34
Q

Curschmann’s Sprial

A

Bronchial Asthma

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35
Q

Depigmentation of the Substantia Nigra

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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36
Q

Donovan Bodies

A

Granuloma inguinale (STD)–caused by Klebsiella granulomatis characterized by ulcerative genital lesions.

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37
Q

Eburnation

A

Osteoarthritis

–polished, ivory-like appearance of bone

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38
Q

Ectopia Lentis

A

Marfan’s

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39
Q

Erythema Chronicum Migrans

A

Lyme Disease

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40
Q

Fatty Liver

A

Alcoholism

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41
Q

Ferruginous Bodies

A

Asbestosis - & Iron laden

– appear as small brown nodules in the septum of the alveolus

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42
Q

Ghon Focus / Complex

A

Tuberculosis (1° & 2°, respectively)

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43
Q

Glitter Cells

A

Pyelonephritis

–neutrophils that are found in the urine

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44
Q

Gower’s Manuever

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

–using arms to stand

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45
Q

Heberden’s Nodes

A

Osteoarthritis (Distal IP joint of the fingers)

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46
Q

Heinz Bodies

A

G6PD Deficiency

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47
Q

Heterophile Antibodies

A

EBV mononucleosis

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48
Q

Hirano Bodies

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

–ntracellular aggregates of actin and actin-associated proteins first observed in neurons

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49
Q

Hypersegmented PMNs

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

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50
Q

Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia

A

Iron deficiency or beta-thalassemia

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51
Q

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction

A

Syphilis

–over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms 2° to rapid lysis

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52
Q

Joint Mice

A

Osteoarthritis

–fractured osteophytes

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53
Q

Kussmaul Breathing

A

Acidosis / Diabetic Ketoacidosis

–deep rapid breathing

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54
Q

Keratin Pearls

A

Squamous Cell CA of skin

-Actinic Keratosis is a precursor

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55
Q

Keyser-Fleischer Ring

A

Wilson’s Disease

- brown ring on the edge of the iris

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56
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

–Nodular Glomerulosclerosis nodules of mesangial matrix

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57
Q

Koilocytes

A

HPV 6 & 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benign) and HPV 16 & 18 (malignant association)

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58
Q

Koplik’s Spots

A

Measles

– lesions on buccal mucosa

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59
Q

Lewy Bodies

A

Parkinson’s Disease

–eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells

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60
Q

Lines of Zahn

A

Arterial Thrombus

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61
Q

Lisch Nodules

A

Type 1 Neurofibromatosis

– pigmented iris hamartomas

62
Q

Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis – prototype of nephritic syndrome

63
Q

Mallory Bodies

A

Alcoholic hepatitis

64
Q

McBurney’s Sign

A

Appendicitis

McBurney’s Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine

65
Q

Michealis-Gutmann Bodies

A

Malakoplakia–lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli

66
Q

Monoclonal Antibody Spike

A

aka “M protein”

  1. Multiple myeloma
  2. MGUS
67
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism

68
Q

Negri Bodies

A

Rabies

69
Q

Neuritic Plaques

A

aka senile plaques

Alzheimer Disease

70
Q

Neurofibrillary Tangles

A

Alzheimer Disease

71
Q

Non-pitting edema

A
  1. Myxedema

2. Anthrax toxin

72
Q

Notching of ribs

A

Post-ductal coarctation of Aorta

73
Q

Nutmeg Liver

A

CHF–> causing congested liver

74
Q

Owl’s Eye Cells

A
  1. CMV
  2. Reed-Sternberg cells of HD–?
  3. Aschoff Bodies of Rheumatic fever
75
Q

Painless jaundice

A

Pancreatic cancer

of the head?

76
Q

Pannus

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

-also see morning stiffnes that ↓ w/ joint use, HLA-DR4

77
Q

Pautrier’s Microabscesses

A
  1. Mycosis fungoides–cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

2. Sezary Syndrome

78
Q

Philadelphia Chromosome

A

CML

9:22 translocation

79
Q

Pick Bodies

A

Pick’s disease

80
Q

COPD–types?

A
  1. Pink Puffer – Type A:emphysema
  2. Blue Bloater– Type B: chronic bronchitis
    - -Emphysema Centroacinar – smoking Panacinar - α1-antitrypsin deficiency
81
Q

Podagra

A

Gout

–MP joint of hallux (big toe)

82
Q

Port-Wine Stain

A

Hemangioma

83
Q

Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign

A

ACL tear

84
Q

Psammoma Bodies

A
  1. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
  2. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
  3. Meningioma
  4. Mesothelioma
85
Q

Pseudohypertrophy

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy @ calf muscle bc of increased fat

86
Q

Punched-Out Bone Lesions

A

Multiple myeloma

87
Q

Rash on Palms & Soles

A
  1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  2. Secondary Syphilis
  3. Coxsackie virus infection:Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
88
Q

Red Morning Urine

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. –would use Ham’s test to confirm.

89
Q

Reed-Sternberg Cells

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

90
Q

Reid Index Increased

A

Chronic bronchitis = ↑d ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness

91
Q

Reinke Crystals

A

Leydig Cell Tumor

92
Q

Rouleaux Formation

A

Multiple Myeloma

– RBCs stack like poker chips

93
Q

S3 Heart Sound

A
  1. L–> R Shunt (VSD, ASD, PDA)
  2. Mitral regurg
  3. LV failure
94
Q

S4 Heart Sound

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis

2. Pulmonary HTN

95
Q

Schwartzman Reaction\

A

Neisseria meningitidis

–impressive rash with bugs

96
Q

Smith Antigen

A
  1. SLE (also anti-dsDNA)– Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL), 90% 14-45 yo females
  2. also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome
97
Q

Soap Bubble on X-Ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone

98
Q

Spike & Dome Glomeruli

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome

Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3)

99
Q

String Sign on X-Ray

A

Crohn’s

- bowel wall thickening

100
Q

Target Cells

A

Thalassemia

101
Q

Tendinous Xanthomas

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

102
Q

Thyroidization of Kidney

A

Chronic Pyelonephritis

103
Q

Tophi

A

Gout

104
Q

Tram-Trak Glomeruli

A

Membrano-proliferative glomerularnephritis

105
Q

Trousseau’s Sign

A
  1. Visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis)
  2. Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
    * *Two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name.””
106
Q

Virchow’s Node

A

Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach

107
Q

Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells

A

Measles

108
Q

WBC Casts

A

Pyelonephritis

109
Q

Whipple’s Triad

A

CNS disfunction

– Hypoglycemic episodes – glu injection reverses CNS Sympt’s

110
Q

Wire Loop Glomeruli

A

Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)

111
Q

Inc AFP in maternal serum

A
  1. Spina Bifida

2. Anencephaly

112
Q

Increased Uric Acid

A
  1. Gout
  2. Lesch Nyhan
  3. Myeloproliferative Disorders
  4. Diuretics (Loops and Thiazides)
113
Q

Decreased FEV1/FVC

A

COPD

114
Q

“Ground Glass” on Chest X-Ray

A

-Hyaline
Due to PCP
seen with atelectasia

115
Q

Honey Combing of the Lung

A

Asbestosis (restrictive lung disease)

116
Q

Crescents

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome– pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

117
Q

Linear Ig Deposits

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome – anti-glomerular basement membrane disease

118
Q

45 Degree Branching Points

A

Aspergillosis (aspergillis)

119
Q

PAS (+) Dutcher bodies

A

Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia= Inc IgM=hyperviscositiy

120
Q

“Ground Glass” in Abdomen

A

-Hyaline

seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies

121
Q

“Signet Ring” Cells

A

Cells in ovaries from metastasis of Kruckenberg’s tumor of the stomach

122
Q

Ground Glass Appearance (hyaline)

A
  1. Seen w progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes
  2. Nuclei seen in Papillary Ca of the thyroid
123
Q

Congo Red

A

Shows amyloid deposition in plaques and vascular walls

e.g.- Used for dx of renal amyloidosis

124
Q

Meningiomas & Progesterone

A

Some meningiomas have progesterone receptors= rapid growth in pregnancy possible

125
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis Triad

A

Triad: seizures, MR, angiofibroma

leukoderma, (congenital facial white spots or macules)

126
Q

Cowdry A Inclusions

A

Seen in HSV encephalitis in oligodendroglia

127
Q

Devic’s Syndrome

A

Neuromyelitis Optica!!
rapid demyelination of the optic nerve and spinal cord w paraplegia
-stated as “variant” of MS but really its own disease

128
Q

c-erb B2

A

Breast Cancer association

-HER2

129
Q

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome

A

A tumor causing blindness & anosmia w/ papilloedema

130
Q

Hoffman’s sign

A

Flicking of middle finger’s nail – distal sign of nerve regeneration after injury

131
Q

Red Nucleus Destruction

A

Intention tremors of the arm

132
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

A

Unconcious proprioception of the lower extremities

133
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

A

Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements

134
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

A

Pain & Temp sensation

135
Q

Ventral Spinothalamic Tract

A

Light touch perception

136
Q

SVA

A

Taster& Smell

137
Q

GSE

A

Muscles of the eye & tongue

138
Q

SSA

A

Vision, Hearing & Equilibrium

139
Q

GVA

A

Sensation of the tongue, soft palate. Carotid Body & Sinus innervation

140
Q

GVE

A
  1. Edinger Westphal nucleus = parasympathetic eye innervation
  2. Gland innervation= secretion
  3. Viscera
141
Q

GSA

A
  1. Pain & temp of face

2. Sensation of external ear

142
Q

SVE

A

Innervation of muscles of mastication, facial expressions, larynx & pharynx

143
Q

LMN Lesion

A
  1. Werndig-Hoffman – progressive infantile muscular atrophy

2. Poliomyelitis

144
Q

Sensory Pathway Lesion

A
  1. Subacute Combined Degeneration= Friedrich’s Ataxia= B12 Deficiency
  2. Tabes Dorsalis (neurosyphilis)
145
Q

Both UMN & LMN

A

ALS

146
Q

Both Sensory & Motor Lesion

A
  1. Brown-Sequard – hemicord lesion

2. Anterior spinal artery occlusion

147
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Controls circadian rhythm

148
Q

Ventromedial Nucleus

A

Satiety center

“savage” behavior 7 obesity when lesioned

149
Q

Lateral Nucleus

A

Induces eating

starvation when lesioned (“shrink laterally with lateral lesion”)

150
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

A

Releases PIf (dopaminergic neurons)

151
Q

Mamillary Body

A

Hemorrhages seen in Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

152
Q

Acanthocytes

A

RBCs w/ spiny projections

-seen in abetalipoproteinemia, severe liver disease

USMLE Step 1 (9 decks)

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