pharmacology and medication administration Flashcards by Melanie B

what is pharmacology

the study of drug actions and interactions

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what is a drug

a chemical agent that produced a physiologic or biologic effect in an organism

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explain the difference between a drug and medication

medications are all drugs
not all drugs are therapeutic, therefore not a medication

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is the radiographer licensed to administer drugs?

yes, under medical directive
must document

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what is a STANDING order

writen directions for specific medication or exam
(part of policies and procedures)

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what is STAT

drugs to be administered immediately

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what is PRN

pro re nata
drug administered as neccessary

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what do you need to do when receiving a verbal order

document and sign

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what are OTC drugs

over the counter
safe for self-administration

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should alternative medicines be included in the drug history

yes!

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what must happen if a radiographer makes a drug error

completely documented
must complete institutional incident reprt

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what are the 3 names that drugs have

proprietary/trade name
chemical name
generic name

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what is the proprietary or trade name

assigned to the drug by the manufacturer
(brand name)

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what is the chemical name

the exact chemical formula
always stays the same

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what is the generic name

given to a drug before official approval
must be known to administer

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what are pharmacokinetics

the study of how a drug is absorbed into the body, distributed, metabolized, and excreted

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what is drug distribution (in the body)

how a drug circulates within the body

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what is drug metabolism

how a drug is changed in the body

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what is bioavailability

the amount of drug that actually reaches the systemic circulation

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what plays the biggest role in bioavailability

route of drug administration

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what is the first-pass effect

the partial metabolism of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation

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which routes of administration avoid the first-pass effect

sublingual, vaginal, parenteral
go directly into systemic circulation

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what is the pharmaceutic phase

drugs administered in solid form must be broken down into tiny particles to be dissolved in fluids

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why does patient age effect pharmacokinetics

older patients (>65) have a reduction n distribution, metabolism, and excretion
peds have reduced capacity

can change accumulation and extended effect of drugs

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what are areas of rapid distribution

heart, liver, kidneys, brain

what are areas of slow distribution

muscle, skin, fat

what is drug metabolism (or biotransformation)

the process of transforming the drug into an inactive form (metabolite) that can be excreted

what is a half life

the time is take for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed

what are the 3 types of adverse effects

side effects toxic effects allergic effects

what are side effects

unintended effect

what is a toxic effect

(related to dose) pharmacological effect is amplified

what is an allergic effect

caused due to previous exposure to drug or compounds within the drug

what are the 2 types of allergic effects

immediate and delayed

what are immediate allergic effects

range from mild to severe urticaria to anaphylactic

what is uticaria

hives

what is a delayed allergic effect

develops hours to days after adminnistration generally best severe

what drugs are common in drug tolerance

narcotics and tranquilizers

what is: a rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective

tachyphylaxis

what is tachyphylaxis

a rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective

what are the 5 knowledge points for drug administraion

1. drug classifications 2. safe dosage 3. safe route of administration 4. reactions 5. indications and contraindications

what are the 5 rights of drug administration

right patient right drug right amount and dose right route right time

what are the (3) drug classifications by action

analgesics (pain killers) anti-hypertensives anti-inflammatory

these are all an example of what? tablets, capsules, inhalants, solutions, transdermal patches

dosage forms

what are tablets

powdered drugs compressed into a solid

what are enteric-coated tablets

prevent gastric irritation prevent drug destruction by stomach acid

what are polymer-coated tablets

allow sustained release

what is a capsule

powdered or liquid drug contained within a gelatin capsule

what is an inhalant for

high concentrations of a drug to be deposited in respiratory mucosa

(T/F) inhalants are used for local and systemic effects

true

what is a suppository

shaped for insertion subsequent dissolving and release

how are solutions administered

orally or parenterally

what are suspensions

drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier

(Y/N) are suspensions ever administered intravenously

NONONO Never

what are the 5 enteral routes of administration

1. oral 2. sublingual 3. buccal 4. rectal 5. nasogastric

what are 4+3 parenteral routes of administration

1. intramuscular 2. intradermal 3. subcutaneous 4. intravenous 5. intrathecal 6. intra-arterial 7. intra-articular

when is intradermal administration used

used for testing sensitivity to drug or antigen (0.5 mL or less is used)

what is intrathecal administration

administration into the spinal canal

what angle of needle insertion is used for intramuscular

90 degrees

what angle of needle insertion is used for subcutaneous

45 degrees

what angle of needle insertion is used for intravenous

25 degrees

what angle of needle insertion is used for intradermal

10-15 degrees

during what part of pregnancy is there the greatest risk for drug-induced developmental defects

during the first trimester

what is a precaution that may be used for breastfeeding mothers after a study

pump and dump x 48 hours

(Geriatric Considerations) cardiac output

REDUCES reduction in absorption and distribution

(Geriatric Considerations) blood flow

REDUCES reduces absorption and dostribution

(Geriatric Considerations) gastro pH

INCREASES

(Geriatric Considerations) peristalsis

REDUCED delayed gastric emptying

(Geriatric Considerations) enzyme production

REDUCED decreases metabolism

(Geriatric Considerations) blood flow (hepatic)

REDUCES reduces metabolism

(Geriatric Considerations) blood flow (renal)

DECREASES reduces excretion

(Geriatric Considerations) renal function

REDUCES reduces excretion

(Geriatric Considerations) renal glomerular filtration rate

reduces reduces excretion