Pharmacology Flashcards
Side effect of thiazides
Altered lipid concentration, high Uris acid, glucose, calcium
Hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, gout
Warfarin interactions
Metabolised by the Cytochrome P450 system in liver.
Inhibitors (decrease the effect): NSAIDs, abx (erythromycin and ciprofloxacin), amiodarone, SSRIs.
Enhancers (increase effect): phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampicin
Clotting factors affected by warfarin
2, 7, 9, 10. (1972)
Calcium antagonist 2 types and use
Dihydropyridines (nifedipine, amlodipine, ramipril) are mainly peripheral vasodilator and are used in conjunction with b blockers to prevent reflex tachycardia. Hypertension and angina
Non-dihydropyridines (verapamil, diltiazem). Also slows conduction at AV/SA node so DONT give with BBlocker
ACE inhibitors action
Dilation of efferent and afferent arteriole reducing renal filtration fraction.
Side effects include renal failure, first use hypotension, cough, angioedema
Action of digoxin
Control heart rate and contractililty in HF and AF. Blocks Na/K+ pump.
Actions to take if TG>20 mmol/L
Refer to lipid clinic if not alcoholic nor DM
Action of penicillins
inhibit cell wall formation through binding of beta lactam ring to cell membrane.
Benefits of cephalosporins and action
work similarly to penicillins by binding penicillin-binding protein and inhibiting its action. They do not get inactivated by staphylococcal penicillinases. Works well in gram + and gram - organisms, except for enterococci and gram - anaerobic bacteria.
Monobactam abx what bacteria use
aerobic gram - bacilli
Carbapenems what type of bacteria they cover
Broadest spectrum - covers gram +, gram - and anaerobic (not MRSA).
Macrolide side effect and drug interactions.
QT prolongation potentially leading to torsade de pointe. Interactions with carbamazepine, digoxin, theophyllines
Examples of macrolide and common uses and MOA
Erythromycin, clarithromycin… Usually used for gram - ad atypical bacteria (mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia) upper resp tract infection. Also good for penicillin replacement in allergy. interfers with 50s ribosome binding.
Tetracycline abx MOA and common uses.
Bacteriostatic and inhibition of tRNA. Used for gram + and - bacteria, especially complicated skin and soft tissue infections and intra-abdo sepsis.
Common side effect of tetracyclines
brown discolouration of teeth, N&V.
Common use of trimethoprim and co-trimoxazole
Trimethoprim: frequently used in UTI. Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) is used mainly in pneumocystis jirovecci.
MOA and side effects of co-trimoxazole
MOA: inhibit folic acid synthesis. Side effects include skin eruptions, Steven-johnson’s syndrome and thrombocytopenia. TERATOGENIC
Steven-johnson’s syndrome what it is and 4 drug causes
Severe skin reaction. Caused by co-trimoxazole, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, allopurinol. amongst others
ciprofloxacin class and uses
quinolones. Ciprofloxacin is used against gram - bacteria in most areas of body.
Quinolones MOA. issue with them
inhibits DNA gyrase, so unwounds DNA. Can cause higher rates of MRSA and c.dif
Gentamicin drug class and common use
Aminoglycoside abx (30s ribosome inhibition). Used for gram - bacteria, esp in staph aureus in synergy with penicillins.
Glycopeptide common use and side effect
Includes vancomycin and teicoplanin. can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Used mainly for gram + bacteria, especially MRSA.
Examples of cephalosporins
cefazolin, cefalexin, cefuroxime.
Abx treatment for MRSA
Linezolid, vancomycin, co-trimoxazole.
