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Gastrointestinal > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what do mucus cells do?

A

secrete mucus and bicarbonate

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2
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

secrete hydrochloric acid

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3
Q

what do enterochromaffin-like cells do?

A

secrete histamine

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4
Q

what do G cells do?

A

secrete gastrin

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5
Q

what do D cells do?

A

secrete somatostatin

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6
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

secrete pepsinogen

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7
Q

what is the action of histamine in gastric acid secretion?

A
  • released in response to stimulation by ACh
  • binds to H2 receptors which activates adenylyl cyclase
  • this increases cAMP levels which increases the number of proton pumps which increases gastric acid secretion
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8
Q

what is the action of ACh in gastric acid secretion?

A
  • released by parasympathetic cholinergic neurones
  • binds to muscarinic M3 ACh receptors on parietal cells which activates PLC
  • inceases intracellular Ca2+ which increases number of proton pumps, increasing secretion
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9
Q

what is the action of gastri in gastric acid secretion

A
  • binds to CCK2 receptorson parietal cells which activates PLC
  • increases intracellular Ca2+ which increases number of proton pumps
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10
Q

what is the action of somatosatin in gastric acid secretion

A
  • binds to SST2R receptors, inhibiting adenylyl cyclase
  • the decrease in cAMP results in a decrease in gastric acid secretion
  • binding on enterochromaffin-like cells results in reduced histamine release and decreased gastric acid secretion
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11
Q

what do antacids do?

A

buffer HCl using NaHCO3 and CaCO3 producing CO2 and water

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12
Q

what do NSAIDs do?

A

disrupt action of prostaglandins by inhibiting COX-1

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13
Q

how do NSAIDs work?

A
  • inhibiting COX-1 causes

- reduced availability of prostaglandins resulting in histamine secretion promoting HCl secretion

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14
Q

example of drug that mimics prostaglandins (E1) and its side effects?

A

misoprostol

  • abdominal pain and diarrhoea
  • induces labour
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15
Q

what do proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) do?

A

inhibits H+/K= ATPase pump irreversibly, reduces HCl secretion

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16
Q

examples of PPIs and their side effects

A

lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole

- increased stomach pH whicg reduces defenses against infection

17
Q

what do Histamine H2 receptor antagonists do?

A

block H2 receptor which reduces HCl secretion

18
Q

examples of histamine H2 receptor antagonists

A

ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine and nizatidine

19
Q

where is the vomiting/emetic centre in the brain?

A

the brain stem

20
Q

what are antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists) for?

A
  • anti-emetic drug

- motion sickness

21
Q

name some examples of H1 receptor antagonists and their side effects

A
  • cyclizine
  • promethazine
  • diphenhydramine
  • side effects: sedation
22
Q

what are antumuscarinics for?

A
  • anti-emetic drug
  • acts as an antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptors in the brain
  • motion sickness
23
Q

name some examples of antimuscarinic drugs and their side effects

A
  • scopolamine

- dry mouth, tachycardia, constipation

24
Q

what are 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for?

A
  • anti-emetic

- antagonists at 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla in the hindbrain and also in GI tract

25
Q

examples and side effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists

A
  • ondanserton, graniserton, palonoserton

- constpation, diarrhoea, headache

26
Q

what are dopamine receptor antagonists for?

A
  • anti-emetic drug

- antagonists at D2 receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla in the hindbrain and Gi tract

27
Q

examples of dopamine receptor antagonists and their side effects

A
  • chlorpomazine, droperidol, haloperidol, metoclopramide

- diarrheoa, extrapyramidal effects

28
Q

what are neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists for?

A
  • anti-emetic

- antagonists at NK1 receptors in the GI tract and chemoreceptor trigger zone in medulla blocking effects of substance P

29
Q

examples and side effects of NK1 receptor antagonists

A
  • foaprepitant, apreptant

- constipation, headache

30
Q

how do antidiarrheoal drugs work

A
  • electrolyte replacement

- sometimes combined with atropine

31
Q

examples of antidiarrheoal drugs and side effects

A
  • loperamide, diphenoxylate

- constpation, sedation, respiratory depression

32
Q

what is ispaghula husk?

A

bulk forming laxative

33
Q

what is senna?

A

stimulant purgative that increases electrolyte and water secretion

34
Q

what is lactulose

A

osmotic laxative

–> hepatic

Gastrointestinal (22 decks)

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