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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What do antacids do ?

A

Neutralise stomach acid

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2
Q

What do antacids contain ?

A

Magnesium

Aluminium

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3
Q

Give an example of an antacid ?

A

Maalox

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4
Q

What do H2 receptors do ?

A

The histamine receptor H2 is an integral membrane protein and stimulates gastric acid secretion. They block this receptor.

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5
Q

Give an example of a H2 receptor antagonist ?

A

Ranitidine

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6
Q

What do PPI’s do ?

A

They are protein pump inhibitors so suppress acid production.

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7
Q

Give an example of a PPI ?

A

Omeprazole

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8
Q

What type of therapy are PPI’s used in regularly ?

A

Triple therapy

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9
Q

What are the 3 drug classes that affect motility ?

A

Anti-emetics
Anti-spasmodics
Anti-motilities

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10
Q

How do anti-emetics work ?

A

They increase gastric emptying and gut motility

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11
Q

How do anti-spasmodics work ?

A

They inhibit smooth muscle contraction and reduce number of spasms.

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12
Q

What are anti-spasmodics regularly used to treat ?

A

IBS

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of laxative ?

A

Bulking
Osmotic
Stimulant
Softeners

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14
Q

How do Bulking laxatives work ?

A

Bulk-forming laxatives work by increasing the “bulk” or weight of poo, which in turn stimulates your bowel.

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15
Q

How do Osmotic laxatives work ?

A

Osmotic laxatives draw water from the rest of the body into your bowel to soften poo and make it easier to pass.

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16
Q

How do Stimulant laxatives work ?

A

These stimulate the muscles that line your gut, helping them to move poo along to your back passage.

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17
Q

How to Softener laxative work ?

A

This type of laxative works by letting water into poo to soften it and make it easier to pass.

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18
Q

What are the different drug classes that are used in IBD ?

A
  • SASA’s
  • Steroids
  • Thiopurine/azathioprine
  • Methotrexate
  • Biologics
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19
Q

What is the main side effect of 5ASA’s ?

A

Renal impairment

20
Q

What problems can corticosteroids cause ?

A

Weight gain
Increase infection risk
Osteoporosis
Nausea

21
Q

What are the problems associated with immunosuppressants ?

A

Increase lymphoma risk
Hepatotoxicity
Pancreatitis

22
Q

How do biologics work ?

A

Biologics work by targeting a specific piece of your malfunctioning immune system, trying to stop just that one part from acting out.

23
Q

What do biologics prevent the action of ?

24
Q

What is TNF alpha ?

A

Key cytokine in the immune response

25
What is UDCA used to treat ? (2)
Gallstones | PBC
26
How does UDCA work ?
Inhibits the enzymes that form cholesterol
27
What else can be used to reduce bile levels ?
Bile acid sequestrates
28
How do bile acid sequestrates work ?
They make bile salts insoluble
29
Which two drugs are used to treat diarrhoea ?
Opioids and Immodium
30
How do drugs that treat diarrhoea work ?
Reduce smooth muscle contraction and increase anal sphincter tone.
31
What is peppermint oil (drug class) ?
CCB
32
What is peppermint oil used to treat ?
IBS - decreases spasms and increase calcium requirement for contraction of smooth muscle
33
How do immunosuppressants work ?
Prevent purine formation and so reduced immune cell proliferation
34
What are the contraindications for biologics ? (3)
TB or other serious infection Pregnancy MS
35
What might bile acid sequestrates reduce the levels of ?
Vit K or other fat soluble drugs
36
What are the 4 steps of processing that take place ? (ADEM)
Absorption Distribution Excretion Metabolism
37
What factors can affect absorption ? (3)
pH, transit time, gut length
38
Low levels of which protein can affect distribution ?
Albumin
39
What changes metabolism ?
Gut bacteria, liver enzymes, disease
40
What problems can NSAID's cause ?
Reduce blood flow Impair platelet aggregation Fluid retention
41
What is liver disease classified using ?
Child-Pugh score
42
How is Child-Pugh score used ?
``` A = <7 B = 7-9 C = >9 ```
43
Which two drugs increase sedation in patients with liver disease and result in encephalopathy if not controlled ?
Opioids and benzodiazepines
44
What are Benzodiazepines used for ?
Benzodiazepines act as a sedative – slowing down the body’s functions – and are used for both sleeping problems and anxiety.
45
Which drugs cause nephrotoxicity ?
Aminoglycosides
46
Which drugs can be used to enhance responses to other drugs ?
Loop diuretics
47
Which two drugs cause hepatotoxicity ?
Paracetamol and methotrexate

Alimentary (12 decks)

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