Anatomy and Embryology Flashcards
What are ligaments ?
Connective tissue that spans between organs or from organs to the body wall.
What are Omenta ?
Double folds of peritoneum coming from the stomach to other organs or the body wall.
What is the name of the foramen that links the greater and lesser sacs ?
Epiploic foramen
Name the 4 layers of the GI wall
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Musculares externa
- Serosa/Adventitia
What is the difference between Serosa and Adventitia ?
Serosa is only found within the peritoneum where as Adventitia is found outside the peritoneal cavity.
Where does lymph drain from the peritoneal organs ?
The Coeliac, Superior Mesenteric and Inferior Mesenteric lymph nodes.
Define Malrotation
Rotation of the intestine does not occur in the correct direction
What is the main symptoms of Malrotation ?
- Vomiting of bile
- Baby pulls legs towards chest
- Failure to thrive
What might Malrotation lead to ?
Volvulus
Define Omphalocele
Herniation of intestines outside the body, the intestine are covered in the amnion
Define Gastroschisis
Herniation of the intestines outside the body, the intestines aren’t covered in a sac
What is the job of the Vitelline duct in an embryo?
It act as a connection between the embryonic yolk sac and the primitive midgut.
What is Meckel’s diverticulum ?
A remnant of the Vitelline duct as seen as an out pouching from the small intestine
What is the urogenital sinus ?
It is the ventral part of the cloaca, formed after the cloaca separates from the anal canal during the fourth to seventh weeks of development.
What is the urogenital septum ?
Separates the anal canal and urogenital sinus
What is PTX2 gene responsible for ?
Left sidedness and the abnormal expression of this gene leads to dextrocardia
What is Gastrulation ?
The development of the Bilaminar disk from the Trilaminar disk.
Where is SHH found and what does it do ?
Found in the endoderm and induces the HOX gene in the mesoderm to organise the gut.
Which organ is mesodermal in origin ?
Spleen
What is the name of the bud that forms the lungs ?
Laryngotracheal bud
What septum separates the oesophagus and trachea ?
Tracheo-oesophageal septum
What is annular pancreas ?
When the ventral and dorsal buds don’t join together to form one pancreas. This may cause duodenal stenosis.
What are the 3 parts of the oesophagus known as ?
Cervical, thoracic and diaphragmatic
What two ligaments make up the less omentum ?
Hepatogastric and Hepatoduodenal ligaments
What ligaments make up the greater omentum ?
Gastrocolic, Gastrophrenic and Gastrosplenic
Which ribs does the liver lie deep to on the right hand side ?
Ribs 7-11
Which ribs does the spleen lie deep to on the left hand side ?
Ribs 9-11
Which rib does the gallbladder lie deep to on the right hand side ?
Rib 9
What are the borders of the Triangle of Calot ?
The common hepatic duct, the cystic duct and the inferior border of the liver.
Which artery is found in the Triangle of Calot ?
The cystic artery
Which plane does the pancreas lie in ?
Transplyloric plane
Is the pancreas intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal ?
Retroperitoneal
Which vein forms behind the neck of the pancreas ?
The portal vein
What level does the coeliac trunk branch from the aorta ?
T12
What level does the SMA branch from the aorta ?
L1
What level does the IMA branch from the aorta ?
L3
What are the 3 branches of the Coeliac trunk ?
Left gastric, hepatic and splenic arteries
Jejunum vs Ileum What colour are they ? What are there walls like ? What is the vascularity like ? Vasa recta ? Arcades ? Lymphoid nodules ? Fat in mesentery ?
Deep red Pale pink Thick and heavy Light and thin Highly vascularised Less vascularisation Long Short Few Many None Many Low levels High levels
Which 3 features separate the small intestine from the large intestine ?
Omental appendices
Haustra
Taenia Coli
What is the most common position of the appendix ?
Retrocecal
What is MacBurney’s point ?
Site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis
Which vertebral level is the retro-sigmoid junction found at ?
S2
What will you feel in a male and female during a rectal examination ?
Male - Prostate gland (Round lump with sulcus)
Female - Cervix or vaginal tampon
What is the parasympathetic innervation to the abdomen ?
Vagus nerve and S2,3, and 4
What is the sympathetic innervation to the abdomen ?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (Greater T5-9, Lesser T10-11, and Least (T12).
Abdominal aortic plexus
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglion
Which two veins joins to form the portal vein ?
The splenic and superior mesenteric veins.
What forms if there is obstruction in the portosystemic anastomoses ?
Varices
Where can varies be found ? (3)
1) Umbilicus (Caput medusae)
2) Anorectal junction (Haemorrhoids)
3) Gastro-oesophagus junction (Oesophageal varies)
Where does lymph from the abdomen drain ?
Thoracic duct
What do pre-aortic nodes drain ?
Organs supplied by anterior branches of the aorta
What do lateral aortic nodes drain ?
Organs supplied by lateral branches of the aorta
What do retro-aortic nodes drain ?
The posterior abdominal wall