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Alimentary Canal Flashcards

1
Q

Where does digestion of carbohydrates begin ?

A

In the mouth

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2
Q

Where does digestion of proteins occur ?

A

In the stomach

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3
Q

Which organ makes digestive enzymes ?

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

What is the role of bile salts ?

A

Digestion and absorption of lipids

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5
Q

What is the role of the small intestine (2) ?

A

Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

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6
Q

What is the role of the stomach (3) ?

A
  • Storage
  • Chemical digestion
  • Sterilisation
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7
Q

What 3 roles does the large intestine have ?

A
  • Water absorption
  • Formation of faeces
  • Bacterial fermentation
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8
Q

What is the mucosa made up of ?

A

The epithelium, lamina propria and the muscular mucosae.

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9
Q

Where are glands in the submucosa found ?

A

Duodenum and oesophagus.

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10
Q

Which two plexuses make up the enteric NS ?

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexuses.

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11
Q

What type of epithelium and the mouth and anus made of ?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What is found in the lamina propria ?

A

Blood vessels and glands

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13
Q

What is found in the submucosa ?

A

Blood vessels, glands, lymphatics and nerves.

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14
Q

What type of plexuses are the submucosal and myenteric ?

A

Parasympathetic plexuses

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15
Q

Which nerves control salivation ?

A

Facial and glossopharyngeal

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16
Q

What is sympathetic innervation via ?

A

Splanchnic nerves

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17
Q

What vein does the stomach blood drain into ?

A

Gastric vein

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18
Q

What vein does blood from the pancreas drain into ?

A

Splenic vein

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19
Q

Which veins does blood from the liver drain into ?

A

Hepatic veins

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20
Q

Is the hepatic portal circulation in parallel or in series with the gut circulation ?

A

In series

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21
Q

What type of sugars are monosaccharides ?

A

Hexose sugars

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22
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides ?

A

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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23
Q

What is the name of the bond that holds two monosaccharides together ?

A

A glycosidic bond

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24
Q

Which enzymes break down glycosidic bonds between disaccharides and where are they found?

A

Brush border enzymes in the small intestine

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25
Q

What is Lactose broken down into ?

A

Glucose and Galactose

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26
Q

What is Sucrose broken down into ?

A

Fructose and Glucose

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27
Q

What is Maltose broken down into ?

A

Glucose and Glucose

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28
Q

What is starch made up of ?

A

A-Amylase and Amylopectin

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29
Q

Does A-Amylase have a straight or branched structure ?

A

Straight

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30
Q

Does Amylopectin have a straight or branched structure ?

A

Branched

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31
Q

In starch what are the bond between the monosaccharides ?

A

A 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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32
Q

What are A 1-4 glycosidic bonds broken down by ?

A

Amylases

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33
Q

Where are amylases produced ?

A

By salivary glands and the pancreas

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34
Q

What is the structure of cellulose ?

A

Unbranched straight chains of glucose linked by B 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

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35
Q

Can humans break down cellulose ?

A

No because they cannot make cellulase

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36
Q

How are glucose monomers linked in glycogen ?

A

By A 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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37
Q

What is the name of the membrane that faces the lumen ?

A

Apical membrane

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38
Q

What is the name of the membrane on the opposite site of the cell to the apical membrane ?

A

The Basolateral membrane

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39
Q

What type of junctions are found between the cells ?

A

Tight junctions

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40
Q

Define transcellular transport

A

Transport through the cells

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41
Q

Define paracellular transport

A

Transport between cells through the tight junctions

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42
Q

Define vectorial transport

A

Unidirectional movement through cells

43
Q

How is glucose transported across the membrane ?

A

Via SGLUT1 along with sodium ions. Sodium moves down its concentration gradient.

44
Q

How is glucose pumped out of the basolateral membrane ?

45
Q

Which way does water move ?

A

Water moves down its osmotic gradient into the blood following glucose

46
Q

How do galactose and fructose move through the cells ?

A

Galactose follows the same path as glucose but fructose moves through the apical membrane via GLUT5 and through the basolateral via GLUT2.

47
Q

What difference is there between the glucose/galactose pathway and the fructose pathway in terms of sodium movement ?

A

Sodium doesn’t move into the blood in the fructose pathway.

48
Q

Where do endopeptidases work ?

A

On peptide bonds in the middle of a protein

49
Q

Where do exopeptidase work ?

A

They act on the end of the protein

50
Q

How do amino acids move into cells ?

A

They move through the apical membrane via transport proteins using sodium ions.

51
Q

How do amino acids move out of cells ?

A

Through protein channels

52
Q

How do di- and tri-peptides move through cells ?

A

Using PEPT1 with hydrogen

53
Q

What is the most common type on ingested fat ?

A

Triglycerides

54
Q

Where is all fat digested and by which enzyme ?

A

In the small intestine by pancreatic lipase

55
Q

What are triglycerides broken down into ?

A

Monoglyceride and 3 fatty acids

56
Q

Is lipase water or fat soluble ?

A

Water soluble

57
Q

Define emulsification

A

The division of larger lipid droplets into smaller ones

58
Q

What is the job of an emulsifying agent ?

A

Prevents large lipid droplets reforming from smaller ones

59
Q

What is the emulsifying agent found in the human body ? (2 components)

A

Bile salts and phospholipids

60
Q

Define amphipathic molecules

A

Have a polar and non-polar end

61
Q

What are micelles made up from ?

A

Bile salts, fatty acids, phospholipids and monoglycerides

62
Q

What happens to monglycerides and fatty acids that are taken up into cells ?

A

They enter the SER and triglycerides are reformed, these droplets are then coated in protein and move through the cell.

63
Q

How do triglycerides leaves cells ?

A

Via exocytosis

64
Q

What does triglycerides become ones outside the cell ?

A

Chylomicrons

65
Q

Where do chylomicrons pass into ?

66
Q

What do Chylomicrons contain ?

A

Triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids and fat soluble vitamins.

67
Q

What do water soluble vitamins require to pass through cells ?

A

Transport proteins

68
Q

What transport protein moves iron into duodenal enterocytes ?

69
Q

What is iron incorporated into for storage ?

70
Q

How is unbound iron transport in blood ?

A

Via transferritin

71
Q

How are iron levels measure in blood tests ?

A

Using ferritin levels. If there is low ferritin then body stores of iron are low.

72
Q

Define Hyperaemia

A

Too much iron. High blood ferritin.

73
Q

Define Anemia

A

Too little iron. Low blood ferritin.

74
Q

What are the components of saliva ? (5)

A
  • Mucins
  • Water
  • Lysosomes
  • Electrolytes
  • A-amylase
75
Q

What do mucinous alveoli secrete ?

76
Q

What do serous alveoli secrete ?

A

Digestive juices

77
Q

What type of secretion does sympathetic innervation cause ?

A

Thick salivary secretion with a high amylase content.

78
Q

What type of secretion does parasympathetic innervation cause ?

A

Profuse watery secretion

79
Q

Describe the oral phase of swallowing

A

Bolus is pushed to the back of the oral cavity by the tongue

80
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Bolus moves into oropharynx and this causes a reflex contraction of the pharyngeal muscles. Co-ordination of this reflex is via the swallowing centre in the medulla.

Soft palate moves upwards and epiglottis clovers larynx and it moves upwards. Bolus moves down the pharynx , the UOS relaxes.

81
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase of swallowing

A

UOS contracts and bolus moves down oesophagus, it is propelled towards the stomach by the process of peristalsis. The LOS then relaxes.

82
Q

What is the stomach lumen lined with ?

83
Q

What are the 3 layers of stomach muscle from the inside out ?

A

1) Oblique
2) Circular
3) Longitudinal

84
Q

Which layers form the rugae ?

A

The mucosa and submucosa

85
Q

What cells are found in the gastric pits/gastric glands ?

A
  • Mucous cells
  • Chief cells
  • Parietal cells
86
Q

How does Upper GI bleeding present ?

A 
Melena
Haematemesis 
Elevated blood urea 
Pain 
Dysphagia/dyspepsia
87
Q

What is Upper GI bleeding associated with ?

88
Q

How does lower GI bleeding present ?

A

Painless
Large amounts of fresh blood
Diarrhoea
Normal blood urea levels

89
Q

Name some of the most common causes of Upper GI bleeding

A

Peptic ulcers
Malignancy
Oesophagitis
Gastritis

90
Q

Which drug classes cause peptic ulcers ?

A

Anti-platlets
Anti-coagulants
Steroids
NSAID’s

91
Q

What other causes that drugs are linked to peptic ulcers ?

A

Alcohol and Stress

92
Q

What does Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome present as ?

A

Recurrent duodenal ulcers that do not heal well.

93
Q

What may cause a Mallory-Weiss tear ?

A

Period of retching/vomiting

94
Q

What is dieulafoy ?

A

A large tortuous arteriole most commonly in the stomach wall that erodes and bleeds.

95
Q

What is angiodysplasia ?

A

Small vascular malformation of the gut.

96
Q

How is radiation colitis treated ?

A
  • Analgesics
  • Diet
  • Laxative/anti-spasmodics
  • Blood transfusions
97
Q

What does APC stand for and what is it used for ?

A

Argon plasma coagulation - used to treat bleeding in the GI tract e.g. Haemorrhages due to radiation colitis

98
Q

How is Meckel’s diverticulum investigated ?

A

Nuclear Scintigraphy

99
Q

Define shock

A

Circulatory collapse resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion

100
Q

How does shock present ?

A 
Pale, clammy skin
N/V
Tachycardia 
Tachypnoea 
Confusion
101
Q

How is Upper GI bleeding classified ? (2)

A

Rockhall score

Blatchford score

102
Q

What is the name of the tube used for uncontrolled bleeding ?

A

Sengstaken-Blakemore tube

103
Q

What other procedure can be used for uncontrolled bleeding ?

Alimentary (12 decks)

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