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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Name some benzodiazepines

A
  • Midazolam (Versed)
  • Diazepam (Valium)
  • Lorazepam (Ativan)
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2
Q

What are the 3 phases of general anesthesia?

A
  1. Induction
  2. Maintenance
  3. Emergence and Recovery
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3
Q
  • Dexmedetomidine
  • Clonidine

Are what type of drug?

A

ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS SEDATIVE/HYPONOTICS

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4
Q

Why are opioids used?

A
  1. Analgesic
  2. Sedative

** NOT anesthetic

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5
Q

What phamacological treatment can we use with Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. SSRIs: for depression
  2. Cholinesterase inhibitors: slows progression
  3. Memantine: for behavioural problems
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6
Q

Name some barbiturates

A
  • Pentobarbital
  • Thiopental
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7
Q

What phamacological treatment can we use with Lewy Body Dementia?

A
  1. Cholinesterase inhibitor: cognitive and behavioral symptoms
  2. Melatonin; clonazepam: for REM sleep behavior disorder
  3. Sinemet: Parkinsonism
  4. Low dose quetiapine: neuropsychiatric Symptoms after trying behavioral therapies
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8
Q

What are non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents used for?

A

Induction and maintenance

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9
Q

What medication can cause ototoxicity?

A
  • Chemotherapy (Cis-platinum)
  • Salicylates (Aspirin)
  • Diuretics (Furosemide aka LASIX)
  • Antibiotics
  • Aminoglycosides (e.g., Gentamicin)
  • Macrolides (e.g., Clarithromycin)
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10
Q

How do you treat Sudden Sensory Neuron Hearing Loss (SSNHL)?

A
  1. Prednisone (high dose steroids)
  2. Acyclovir (antiviral medication)

YOU TREAT IMMEDIATELY BECAUSE IT IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY

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11
Q

Why are neuromuscular blocking agents used?

A
  • Muscle relaxation for intubation
  • Optimize surgical conditions
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12
Q

What are the available cannabinoids in Canada?

A
  • Dronabinol, Nabilone
    Oral capsules of synthetic delta-9-THC
    Approved for nausea, vomiting & anorexia associated with AIDS, MS
  • THC/CBD: Oro-mucosal spray (‘Sativex’)
    Approved for neuropathic pain, spasticity in multiple sclerosis, cancer pain
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13
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of benzodiazepine?

A
  1. Sedative, anxiolytic & amnestic properties
  2. Pre-anesthetics or adjuvants to general anesthesia
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14
Q

What is Tramadol?

A

A transitional analgesics structurally related to codeine

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15
Q

Name opioid drugs

A
  • Fentanyl
  • Remifentanil
  • Morphine
  • Oxycodone
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16
Q

Injectable anesthetics are used for which phase of anesthesia?

A

Mainly for induction, but also for maintenance

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17
Q

What is ketamine?

A

The only injectable with anesthetic AND analgesic properties

18
Q

Name some non-opioid analgesics used for pain?

A
  • NSAIDs (Advil)
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Anti-depressants: Tricyclics, Non-tricyclics, SNRI’s
  • Cannabinoids
  • Anti-convulsants - gabapentinoids
  • Alpha-2 agonists
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Calcium blockers
  • NMDA antagonists
  • Steroids
19
Q

Ketamine can reduce which post-surgical side effect?

A

Post-surgical chronic neuropathic pain

20
Q

What are the elements of patient follow-up on opioids?

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Activity
  3. Adverse effects
  4. Aberrant behavior
  5. Accurate medication log
21
Q
  • Lidocaine
  • Bipivacaine
  • Procaine

Are what kind of drugs?

A

LOCAL ANESTHETICS

22
Q

What are the side effects of acute opioid administration?

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Mental claudicating
  • Urinary retention
  • Itching
  • Nausea and vomiting
23
Q

What is Succinylcholine?

A

A depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

24
Q

What are the ‘accepted’ side effects of opioids?

A
  • Constipation
  • Acute mental claudication
  • Urinary retention
  • Itching
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Profound sweating
  • Nightmares
25
Name some inhaled anesthetics
* Nitrous oxide * Halothane * Isoflurane * Sevoflurane
26
What are depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents used for?
Induction only
27
What is Tapentadol?
A transitional analgesics structurally related to codeine
28
Why is ketamine used?
The only injectable anesthetic used IM: * pediatrics * mentally handicapped * acute trauma * veterinary medicine
29
What is the most important side effect of inhaled anesthetics?
Malignant hyperthermia
30
What are the signs of addiction?
1. Loss of **C**ontrol 2. **C**ompulsive use 3. **C**raving 4. **C**onsequences (use despite harm)
31
What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates?
GABAA Receptors: Main inhibitory channel in the CNS
32
What are the general goals of anesthesia?
1. Lack of **Awareness**: unconsciousness 2. **Amnesia**: lack of memory 3. **Analgesia**: the abolition of the subconscious reactions to pain, including somatic reflexes (movement or withdrawal) and autonomic reflexes (hypertension, tachycardia, sweating and tearing) 4. **Akinesia**: lack of overt movement (immobilization)
33
What phamacological treatment can we use with vascular dementia?
C'est une pogne: "Evidence that specific treatments are helpful in VaD is not conclusive"
34
How do local anesthetics work?
Bind to open Na+ channel and inactivated the channel from the inside
35
What is PROPOFOL?
It is the prefered IV anesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia \* Deep sedation (subjects must be mechanically ventilated)
36
Name some non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
* Tubocurarine * Pancuronium
37
Why are inhaled anesthetics used?
To prevents movement in response to noxious (ex. surgical) stimulation
38
What is the Mechanism of Action of ketamine?
NMDA Receptor Antagonist
39
What phamacological treatment can we use with Frontotemporal dementia?
1. **Antidepressants**: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor or trazodone (25 -100 mg once daily) for patients with neurobehavioral symptoms of FTD (Grade 2C) 2. **Atypical antipsychotics**: low dose of quetiapine staring with 12.5 mg
40
What is the mechanism of action of neuromuscular blocking agents?
Nicotinic Ach receptors antagonists
41
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
GABAA receptor inhibitor

Behaviour_Part2 (11 decks)

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