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Behaviour_Part2 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Name some benzodiazepines

A
  • Midazolam (Versed)
  • Diazepam (Valium)
  • Lorazepam (Ativan)
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2
Q

What are the 3 phases of general anesthesia?

A
  1. Induction
  2. Maintenance
  3. Emergence and Recovery
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3
Q
  • Dexmedetomidine
  • Clonidine

Are what type of drug?

A

ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS SEDATIVE/HYPONOTICS

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4
Q

Why are opioids used?

A
  1. Analgesic
  2. Sedative

** NOT anesthetic

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5
Q

What phamacological treatment can we use with Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. SSRIs: for depression
  2. Cholinesterase inhibitors: slows progression
  3. Memantine: for behavioural problems
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6
Q

Name some barbiturates

A
  • Pentobarbital
  • Thiopental
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7
Q

What phamacological treatment can we use with Lewy Body Dementia?

A
  1. Cholinesterase inhibitor: cognitive and behavioral symptoms
  2. Melatonin; clonazepam: for REM sleep behavior disorder
  3. Sinemet: Parkinsonism
  4. Low dose quetiapine: neuropsychiatric Symptoms after trying behavioral therapies
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8
Q

What are non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents used for?

A

Induction and maintenance

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9
Q

What medication can cause ototoxicity?

A
  • Chemotherapy (Cis-platinum)
  • Salicylates (Aspirin)
  • Diuretics (Furosemide aka LASIX)
  • Antibiotics
  • Aminoglycosides (e.g., Gentamicin)
  • Macrolides (e.g., Clarithromycin)
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10
Q

How do you treat Sudden Sensory Neuron Hearing Loss (SSNHL)?

A
  1. Prednisone (high dose steroids)
  2. Acyclovir (antiviral medication)

YOU TREAT IMMEDIATELY BECAUSE IT IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY

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11
Q

Why are neuromuscular blocking agents used?

A
  • Muscle relaxation for intubation
  • Optimize surgical conditions
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12
Q

What are the available cannabinoids in Canada?

A
  • Dronabinol, Nabilone
    Oral capsules of synthetic delta-9-THC
    Approved for nausea, vomiting & anorexia associated with AIDS, MS
  • THC/CBD: Oro-mucosal spray (‘Sativex’)
    Approved for neuropathic pain, spasticity in multiple sclerosis, cancer pain
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13
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of benzodiazepine?

A
  1. Sedative, anxiolytic & amnestic properties
  2. Pre-anesthetics or adjuvants to general anesthesia
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14
Q

What is Tramadol?

A

A transitional analgesics structurally related to codeine

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15
Q

Name opioid drugs

A
  • Fentanyl
  • Remifentanil
  • Morphine
  • Oxycodone
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16
Q

Injectable anesthetics are used for which phase of anesthesia?

A

Mainly for induction, but also for maintenance

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17
Q

What is ketamine?

A

The only injectable with anesthetic AND analgesic properties

18
Q

Name some non-opioid analgesics used for pain?

A
  • NSAIDs (Advil)
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Anti-depressants: Tricyclics, Non-tricyclics, SNRI’s
  • Cannabinoids
  • Anti-convulsants - gabapentinoids
  • Alpha-2 agonists
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Calcium blockers
  • NMDA antagonists
  • Steroids
19
Q

Ketamine can reduce which post-surgical side effect?

A

Post-surgical chronic neuropathic pain

20
Q

What are the elements of patient follow-up on opioids?

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Activity
  3. Adverse effects
  4. Aberrant behavior
  5. Accurate medication log
21
Q
  • Lidocaine
  • Bipivacaine
  • Procaine

Are what kind of drugs?

A

LOCAL ANESTHETICS

22
Q

What are the side effects of acute opioid administration?

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Mental claudicating
  • Urinary retention
  • Itching
  • Nausea and vomiting
23
Q

What is Succinylcholine?

A

A depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

24
Q

What are the ‘accepted’ side effects of opioids?

A
  • Constipation
  • Acute mental claudication
  • Urinary retention
  • Itching
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Profound sweating
  • Nightmares
25
Q

Name some inhaled anesthetics

A
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Halothane
  • Isoflurane
  • Sevoflurane
26
Q

What are depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents used for?

A

Induction only

27
Q

What is Tapentadol?

A

A transitional analgesics structurally related to codeine

28
Q

Why is ketamine used?

A

The only injectable anesthetic used IM:

  • pediatrics
  • mentally handicapped
  • acute trauma
  • veterinary medicine
29
Q

What is the most important side effect of inhaled anesthetics?

A

Malignant hyperthermia

30
Q

What are the signs of addiction?

A
  1. Loss of Control
  2. Compulsive use
  3. Craving
  4. Consequences (use despite harm)
31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates?

A

GABAA Receptors: Main inhibitory channel in the CNS

32
Q

What are the general goals of anesthesia?

A
  1. Lack of Awareness: unconsciousness
  2. Amnesia: lack of memory
  3. Analgesia: the abolition of the subconscious reactions to pain, including somatic reflexes (movement or withdrawal) and autonomic reflexes (hypertension, tachycardia, sweating and tearing)
  4. Akinesia: lack of overt movement (immobilization)
33
Q

What phamacological treatment can we use with vascular dementia?

A

C’est une pogne: “Evidence that specific treatments are helpful in VaD is not conclusive”

34
Q

How do local anesthetics work?

A

Bind to open Na+ channel and inactivated the channel from the inside

35
Q

What is PROPOFOL?

A

It is the prefered IV anesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia

* Deep sedation (subjects must be mechanically ventilated)

36
Q

Name some non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

A
  • Tubocurarine
  • Pancuronium
37
Q

Why are inhaled anesthetics used?

A

To prevents movement in response to noxious (ex. surgical) stimulation

38
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action of ketamine?

A

NMDA Receptor Antagonist

39
Q

What phamacological treatment can we use with Frontotemporal dementia?

A
  1. Antidepressants: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor or trazodone (25 -100 mg once daily) for patients with neurobehavioral symptoms of FTD (Grade 2C)
  2. Atypical antipsychotics: low dose of quetiapine staring with 12.5 mg
40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

Nicotinic Ach receptors antagonists

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

A

GABAA receptor inhibitor

Behaviour_Part2 (11 decks)

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