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Medicine, Year 3, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are two side effects of ACE Inhibitors?

A

Dry cough, angioedema

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2
Q

What is the effect of ACE Inhibitors on the kidneys?

A

Efferent tubule dilatation, decreasing the GFR

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3
Q

Why are ACE Inhibitors first-time treatment for diabetic patients with hypertension?

A

Renal protective

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4
Q

What is the electrolyte abnormality associated with ACEIs?

A

Hyperakalaemia

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5
Q

What is the electrolyte abnormality associated with ARBs?

A

Hyperkalaemia

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ARBs?

A

Inhibits binding of Angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor

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7
Q

What class of drugs do Verapamil and Diltiazem belong to?

A

Calcium channel blockers

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8
Q

What drugs are contra-indicated to Verapamil and Diltiazem? Why?

A

Beta-blockers, because when prescribed with Verapamil and Diltiazem can cause heart block. They are all negative ionotropes

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9
Q

Give three examples of Dihydropyridine drugs. Why are these not contraindicated to Beta-blockers like other CCBs?

A

Amlodipine
Felodipine
Nifedipine

Because they act on the peripheral vascular system, not directly on the heart

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10
Q

Where does Bendroflumethiazide work on the kidneys? Mechanism of action?

A

Proximal aspect of the Distal Convoluted Tubule. Na/Cl symporter inhibitor

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11
Q

What are the electrolyte abnormalities seen with Bendroflumethiazine?

A

Hyponatraemia
Hypokalaemia
Hypercalcaemia

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12
Q

What is Nicorandil used to treat? Mechanism of action?

A

Angina, potassium channel blocker

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin? What clotting factors are affected?

A

Vitamin K antagonist

Clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10 and Protein C

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14
Q

What is the target INR for patients with:

VTE, VTE recurrence, and AF

A

VTE: 2.5
VTE recurrence: 3.5
AF: 2.5

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15
Q

Are ACEI safe in pregnant women?

A

No

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16
Q

Is Warfarin safe in pregnant women?

A

No, but can be used when breast feeding

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17
Q

What conditions / drugs may potentiate affects of Warfarin? 7 examples

A

Liver disease

Amiodarone, Ciprofloxacin, NSAIDs, Aspirin, Statins
Cranberry Juice

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Fondaparinux?

A

Anticoagulant, factor Xa inhibitor

Activates anti-thrombin III

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Apixaban and Rivaroxaban?

A

Anticoagulant, factor Xa inhibitor

20
Q

Bendroflumethiazide can hypokalaemia to cause which ECG abnormalities?

A

U waves

21
Q

Give examples of two medications which increase risk the likelihood of a DVT

A

COCP

HRT

22
Q

How is Fondaparinux Sodium administered for VTE Prophylaxis?

A

Subcutaneous injection

23
Q

How are Inhaled Corticosteroid medications stepped down in asthmatic patients?

A

25-50% dose reduction at a time

24
Q

What is considered a low, moderate and high dose of inhaled corticosteroid in asthma treatment?

A

<400 mcg = low dose
400 - 800 mcg = moderate dose
>800 mcg = high dose

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Salbutamol / Levosalbutamol?

A

Short acting bronchodilator, B2 receptor agonist`

26
Q

Give three examples of Inhaled Corticosteroids used in asthma management

A

Budesonide
Beclomethasone
Fluticasone

27
Q

What is the MoA for Budesonide / Beclomethasone / Fluticasone?

A

Inhaled corticosteroids, gluticocortoid receptor agonist

28
Q

Give two examples LABAs. What is the mechanism of action?

A

Salmeterol, Formoterol

B2 receptor agonist

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Montelukast?

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonist

30
Q

Give examples of three Leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

Montelukast, Zafirlukast, Pranlukast

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Theophylline?

A
  • Non selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor

- Non selective adenosine receptor antagonist

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Tiotropium / Ipratropium?

A

Anti-cholinergic drug, muscarinic receptor antagonist

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Atropine?

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist

34
Q

How is Atropine administered in patients with Bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise?

A

500 mcg Atropine, IV, every 3-5 mins for a maximum of 6 doses / 3 mg

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Rifampicin?

A

DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Isoniazid?

A

Mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Pyrazinamide?

A

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ethambutol?

A

Arabinosyl transferase inhibitor

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ticagrelor?

A

Antiplatelet medication, P2Y12 inhibitor

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Prasugrel?

A

Antiplatelet medication, P2Y12 inhibitor

41
Q

In patients developing tolerance to modified release Isosorbide mononitrate, what change to their drug regime should occur?

A

Patients should take their second daily dose after 8 hours instead of 12 hours, allowing nitrate levels to fall for a further 4 hours

42
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Aspirin?

A

Antiplatelet, inhibits the production of thromboxane A2

43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Clopidogrel

A

Antiplatelet, inhibits ADP binding to its platelet receptor

44
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Dipyridamole?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

45
Q

What four antibiotics could predispose you to C. Diff infection?

A

4 C’s

Clindamycin
Cephalosporins
Co-amoxiclav
Ciprofloxacin + Quinolones

46
Q

When commencing statin treatment, it typically can cause a rise in ALT / AST. But when should it be stopped?

A

Treatment with statins should be discontinued if serum transaminase concentrations rise to and persist at 3 times the upper limit of the reference range

Medicine, Year 3, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine (19 decks)

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