Pharmacology

Question 1

Amiodarone Pharmacology

Answer 1

AntiarrhythmicProlongs the action potentialProlongs the refractory periodProlongs atrioventricular conductionProlongs QT Interval

Question 2

Aspirin Pharmacology

Answer 2

AntithromboticInhibits the formation of thromboxane A2, which stimulates platelet aggregation and artery constriction.This reduces clot/thrombus formation in an MI

Question 3

Atropine Pharmacology

Answer 3

Anticholinergic agentBlocks acetylcholine receptors-enhances SA node automaticity-enhances AV node conduction-increases heart rate

Question 4

Benzylpenicillin Pharmacology

Answer 4

AntibacterialGram positive cocci antibiotic

Question 5

Clopidogrel Pharmacology

Answer 5

Clopidogrel selectivelyinhibits the binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet receptor, and the subsequent ADP - mediated activation of the GPIIb/IIIa complex, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.Biotransformation of clopidogrel is necessary to produce inhibition of platelet aggregation. Clopidogrel acts by irreversibly modifying the platelet ADP receptor

Question 6

Cyclizine Pharmacology

Answer 6

Anti-emetic

Question 7

Dextrose 10% Solution Pharmacology

Answer 7

Hypertonic glucose solutionReadily utilisable energy sourse

Question 8

Epinephrine 1:10,000Pharmacology

Answer 8

Alpha and beta adrenergic stimulantIncreases heart rate - Chronotropic effectIncreases Myocardial contractions - inotropic effectIncreases Blood PressureIncreases electrical activity in the myocardiumincreases cerebral and coronary blood flowDilation of the bronchioles

Question 9

Epinephrine 1:1,000Pharmacology

Answer 9

Alpha and beta adrenergic stimulant.Reversal of laryngeal oedema and bronchospasm in anaphylaxis.Antagonises effects of histamine

Question 10

FurosemidePharmacology

Answer 10

Acts on the ascending loop of Henle by inhibiting the reabsorption of Chloride and Sodium ions into the interstitial fluid. This results in a relative hypertonic state. Water is retained in the loop and eliminated via the bladder.It also causes venodilation which reduces venous return to the heart

Question 11

GlucagonPharmacology

Answer 11

Glycogenolysis.Increases plasma glucose by mobilising glycogen stored in the liver

Question 12

Glucose GelPharmacology

Answer 12

Increases blood glucose levels

Question 13

EnoxaparinPharmacology

Answer 13

It binds to the natural inhibitor of coagulation, anti-thrombin III and makes certain clotting factors inactive. This results in an increase in the clotting time

Question 14

GTNPharmacology

Answer 14

VasodilatorReleases nitric oxide which acts as a vasodilator. Dilates coronary arteries particularly if in spasm, increasing blood flow to the myocardium.Dilates systemic veins reducing venous return to the heart (preload) and thus reduces the heart workload.Reduces BP.

Question 15

HydrocortisonePharmacology

Answer 15

Potent anti-inflammatory properties and inhibit many substances that cause inflammation. the half life is 90 mins

Question 16

IbuprofenPharmacology

Answer 16

Suppresses prostaglandins, which cause pain via its inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX).Prostaglandins are released by cell damage and inflammation

Question 17

Ipratropium BromidePharmacology

Answer 17

It blocks muscarinic receptors associated with parasympathetic stimulation of the bronchial air passageways. This results in bronchial dilation and reduced bronchial secretions

Question 18

LidocainePharmacology

Answer 18

Reduces automaticity by decreasing the rate of diastolic depolarisation.Stabilises the neuronal membrane and prevents the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses, action is rapid and blockade may last up to 2 hours

Question 19

LorazepamPharmacology

Answer 19

Acts on CNS receptors to potentiate the inhibitory action of GABA

Question 20

Magnesium Sulphate InjectionPharmacology

Answer 20

It acts as a physiological calcium channel blocker and blocks neuromuscular transmission

Question 21

Midazolam SolutionPharmacology

Answer 21

It affects the activity of a chemical that transmits impulses across nerve synapses called Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA). GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Midazolam works by increasing the effects of GABA at these receptors

Question 22

MorphinePharmacology

Answer 22

Opiate AnalgesicActs on CNS to educe pain & anxietyVasodilation resulting in reduced peload to myocardium

Question 23

NaloxonePharmacology

Answer 23

Narcotic antagonistReverse the respiratory depression and analgesic effect of narcotics

Question 24

NifedipinePharmacology

Answer 24

Inhibits muscle contraction by interfering with the movement of calcium ions through the slow channels of active cell membrane

Question 25

EntonoxPharmacology

Answer 25

Analgesic agent gas:- CNS Depressant- Pain relief

Question 26

OndansetronPharmacology

Answer 26

Precise mode of action in the control of nausea & vomiting is not known

Question 27

OxygenPharmacology

Answer 27

Oxygenation of tissue/organs

Question 28

ParacetamolPharmacology

Answer 28

Analgesic - central prostaglandin inhibitor.Anti-pyretic - Prevents the hypothalamus from synthesising Prostaglandin E, inhibiting the body temperature from rising further.

Question 29

SalbutamolPharmagology

Answer 29

Beta 2 agonistBronchodilationRelaxation of smooth muscle

Question 30

Sodium Bicarbonate InjectionPharmacology

Answer 30

TCA excretion from the body is enhanced by making the urine more alkaline (raising the pH)

Question 31

Sodium Chloride 09%Pharmacology

Answer 31

Isotonic crystalloid solutionFluid replacement

Question 32

SyntometrinePharmacology

Answer 32

Causes Rhythmic contraction of uterine smooth muscle, thereby constricting uterine blood vessels

Question 33

TenecteplasePharmacology

Answer 33

Tenecteplase is a recombinant fibrin-specific plasminogen activator that is derived from native t-PA by modifications at three sites of the protein structure. It binds to the fibrin component of the thrombus (Blood clot) and selectively converts thrombus-bound plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades the fibrin matrix of the thrombus.

Question 34

FentanylPharmagology

Answer 34

Fentanyl provides some of the effects typical of other opioidsthrough its agonism of the opioid receptors. Its strong potency inrelation to that of morphine is largely due to its high lipophilicity.Because of this, it can more easily penetrate the CNS.Fentanyl binds to μ-opioid G-protein-coupled receptors, whichinhibit pain neurotransmitter release by decreasing intracellularCa2+ levels.