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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

In Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, what is the Km?

A

Km is the concentration of substrate [S] at 1/2 of the Vmax of the enzyme. Km is inversely related to the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

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2
Q

In Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, Vmax is directly proportional to what?

A

Enzyme concentration

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3
Q

What is a Lineweaver-Burk plot?

A

Basically the Michaelis-Menten kinetics plot but inversed: x intercept is 1/[S], y intercept is 1/V

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4
Q

What is the formula to calculate T1/2 (half-life)?

A

(0.693 x Vd) / CL

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5
Q

What is the formula to calculate clearance?

A

CL = (rate of elimination of drug)/(plasma drug concentration) = Vd x Ke *Ke is elimination constant

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6
Q

What is the formula to calculate Loading dose?

A

(Cp x Vd) / F

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7
Q

What is the formula to calculate Maintenance dose?

A

(Cp x CL x tau) / F *tau is the dosage interval

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8
Q

Opioid analgesics lead to what cellular events?

A

Opening of K channels and closing of Ca channels

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9
Q

What are CYP 450 inducers?

A

Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, griseofulvin

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10
Q

What are CYP 450 inhibitors?

A

Cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, azole antifungals, grapefruit juice, isoniazid, ritonavir

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11
Q

Which receptors are linked to Gs proteins?

A

beta1, beta2

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12
Q

Which receptors are linked to Gi/o proteins?

A

M2, alpha2, CB1, GABAb

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13
Q

Which receptors are linked to Gq proteins?

A

alpha1, M1, M3

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14
Q

What is zero-order elimination?

A

Rate of elimination is constant regardless of Cp

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15
Q

What is first-order elimination?

A

Rate of elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. Cp decreases exponentially with time

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16
Q

Overdose with drugs that are weak acids are treated by making the urine more basic or more acidic?

A

Alkalinize the urine with bicarbonate (trapped in the ionized form)

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17
Q

Overdose with drugs that are weak bases are treated by making the urine more basic or more acidic?

A

Acidify the urine with ammonium chloride

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18
Q

Are amphetamines weak bases or acids?

A

Weak bases

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19
Q

Is aspirin a weak base or weak acid?

A

Weak acid

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20
Q

What is Phase I drug metabolism?

A

Reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis with cytochrome P450 usually yields slightly polar, water-soluble metabolites (often still active)

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21
Q

What is Phase II drug metabolism?

A

Conjugation (glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation) usually yields very polar, inactive metabolites (renally excreted)

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22
Q

What is the antidote to acetaminophen?

A

N-acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione)

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23
Q

What is the antidote to AChE inhibitors, organophosphates?

A

Atropine followed by pralidoxime

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24
Q

What is the antidote to amphetamines?

A

NH4Cl (acidify urine)

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25
Q

What is the antidote to antimuscarinics, anticholinergic agents?

A

Physostigmine salicylate, control hyperthermia

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26
Q

What is the antidote to benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil

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27
Q

What is the antidote to beta-blockers?

A

Glucagon

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28
Q

What is the antidote to carbon monoxide?

A

100% O2, hyperbaric O2

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29
Q

What is the antidote to copper, arsenic, gold?

A

Penicillamine

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30
Q

What is the antidote to cyanide?

A

Nitrite + thiosulfate, hydrocobalamin

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31
Q

What is the antidote to digitalis?

A

Anti-digitalis Fab fragments

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32
Q

What is the antidote to heparin?

A

Protamine sulfate

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33
Q

What is the antidote to iron?

A

Deferoxamine, deferasirox

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34
Q

What is the antidote to lead?

A

EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine

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35
Q

What is the antidote to mercury, arsenic, gold?

A

Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer

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36
Q

What is the antidote to methanol, ethylene glycol?

A

Fomepizole > ethanol, dialysis

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37
Q

What is the antidote to methemoglobin?

A

Methylene blue, vitC

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38
Q

What is the antidote to opioids?

A

Naloxone

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39
Q

What is the antidote to salicylates?

A

NaHCO3 (alkalinize the urine), dialysis

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40
Q

What is the antidote to TCAs?

A

NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization)

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41
Q

What is the antidote to tPa, streptokinase, urokinase?

A

Aminocaproic acid

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42
Q

What is the antidote to warfarin?

A

Vitamin K, plasma if active bleeding

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43
Q

Which drugs can cause coronary vasospasm?

A

Cocaine, supatriptan, ergot alkaloids

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44
Q

Which drugs can cause cutaneous flushing?

A

Vancomycin, adenosine, niacin, CCBs

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45
Q

Which drugs can cause dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Doxorubicin and daunorubicin (anthracyclines - chemo)

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46
Q

Which drugs can cause torsades de pointes?

A

Class III and class IA antiarrhythmics, macrolides, antipsychotics, TCAs

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47
Q

Which drugs can cause adrenocortical insufficiency?

A

Glucocorticoids

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48
Q

Which drug can cause acute cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice?

A

Erythromycin

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49
Q

Which drugs can cause focal to massive hepatic necrosis?

A

Halothane, Amanita phalloides, valproic acid, acetaminophen: “liver HAVAc”

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50
Q

Which drugs can cause pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins

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51
Q

Which drugs can cause agranulocytosis?

A

Dapsone, Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchicine, Methimazole, Propylthiouracil “Drugs CCCrush Myeloblasts and Promyelocytes”

52
Q

Which drugs can cause aplastic anemia?

A

Carbamazepine, Methimazole, NSAIDs, Benzene, Chloramphenicol, Propylthiouracil: “Can’t Make New Blood Cells Properly”

53
Q

Which drugs can cause direct Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia?

A

Methyldopa, penicillin

54
Q

Which drug can cause gray baby syndrome?

A

Chloramphenicol

55
Q

Which drugs can cause thrombocytopenia?

A

Heparin, cimetidine

56
Q

Which drugs can cause thrombotic complications?

57
Q

Which drugs can cause gingival hyperplasia?

A

Phenytoin, verapamil, cyclosporine, nifedipine

58
Q

Which drugs can cause hyperuricemia (gout)?

A

Pyrazinamide, Thiazides, Furosemide, Niacin, Cyclosporine: “Painful Tophi and Feet Need Care”

59
Q

Which drugs can cause myopathy?

A

Fibrates, niacin, colchicine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoids

60
Q

Which drugs can cause osteoporosis?

A

Corticosteroids, heparin

61
Q

Which drugs can cause photosensitivity?

A

Sulfonamides, Amdiodarone, Tetracyclines, 5-FU: “SAT For Photo”

62
Q

Which drugs can cause rash (Steven-Johnson syndrome)?

A

Anti-epileptic drugs (ethosuximide, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, phenobarbital), Allopurinol, Sulfa drugs, Penicillin: “Steven Johnson has epileptic Allergy to Sulfa drugs and Penicillin”

63
Q

Which drugs can cause SLE-like syndrome?

A

Sulfa drugs, Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide, Phenytoin, Etanercept

64
Q

Which drugs can cause teeth discoloration?

A

Tetracyclines

65
Q

Which drugs can cause tendonitis, tendon rupture, and cartilage damage?

A

Fluoroquinolones

66
Q

Which drugs can cause cinchonism?

A

Quinidine, quinine

67
Q

Which drugs can cause Parkinson-like syndrome?

A

Antipsychotics, reserpine, metoclopramide

68
Q

Which drugs can cause seizures?

A

INH (VitB6 deficiency), bupropion, imipenem/cilastatin, tramadol, eflurane, metoclopramide

69
Q

Which drugs can cause tardive dyskinesia?

A

Antipsychotics, metoclopramide

70
Q

Which drugs can cause diabetes insipidus?

A

Lithium, demeclocycline

71
Q

Which drugs can cause Fanconi syndrome?

A

Expired tetracycline

72
Q

Which drugs can cause hemorrhagic cystitis?

A

Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide

73
Q

Which drugs can cause interstitial nephritis?

A

Methicillin, NSAIDs, furosemide

74
Q

Which drugs can cause SIADH?

A

Carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, SSRIs

75
Q

Which drugs can cause a dry cough?

76
Q

Which drugs can cause pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Bleomycin, amiodarone, busulfan, methotrexate

77
Q

Which drugs can cause antimuscarinic effects?

A

Atropine, TCAs, H1-blockers, antipsychotics

78
Q

Which drugs can cause disulfiram-like reaction?

A

Metronidazole, certain cephalosporins, griseofulvin, procarbazine, 1st gen sulfonylureas

79
Q

Which drugs can cause nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity?

A

Aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop diuretics, cisplatin

80
Q

What are the sulfa drugs?

A

Probenecid, Furosemide, Acetazolamide, Celecoxib, Thiazides, Sulfonamide antibiotics, Sulfasalazine, Sulfonylureas: “Popular FACTSSS”

81
Q

What happens when someone with a sulfa allergy takes a sulfa drug?

A

Fever, UTI, Stevens-Johnson syndrom, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, urticaria (hives)

82
Q

Drug names ending in -azole are what category?

A

Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors

83
Q

Drug names ending in -bendazole are what category?

A

Antiparasitic/antihelmintic

84
Q

Drug names ending in -cillin are what category?

A

Peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors

85
Q

Drug names ending in -cycline are what category?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors

86
Q

Drug names ending in -ivir are what category?

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors

87
Q

Drug names ending in -navir are what category?

88
Q

Drug names ending in -ovir are what category?

A

DNA polymerase inhibitor

89
Q

Drug names ending in -thromycin are what category?

A

Macrolides

90
Q

Drug names ending in -ane are what category?

A

Inhalational general anesthetic

91
Q

Drug names ending in -azine are what category?

A

Typical antipsychotic

92
Q

Drug names ending in -barbital are what category?

A

Barbiturates

93
Q

Drug names ending in -caine are what category?

A

Local anesthetic

94
Q

Drug names ending in -etine are what category?

95
Q

Drug names ending in -ipramine are what category?

96
Q

Drug names ending in -triptan are what category?

A

5-HT 1B/1D agonists

97
Q

Drug names ending in -triptyline are what category?

98
Q

Drug names ending in -zepam are what category?

A

Benzodiazepines

99
Q

Drug names ending in -zolam are what category?

A

Benzodiazepines

100
Q

Drug names ending in -chol are what category?

A

Cholinergic agonists

101
Q

Drug names ending in -curium or -curonium are what category?

A

Non-depolarizing paralytic

102
Q

Drug names ending in -olol are what category?

A

Beta-blockers

103
Q

Drug names ending in -stigmine are what category?

A

AChE-Inhibitors

104
Q

Drug names ending in -terol are what category?

A

Beta2 agonists

105
Q

Drug names ending in -zosin are what category?

A

Alpha1 antagonists

106
Q

Drug names ending in -afil are what category?

A

PDE-5 inhibitors

107
Q

Drug names ending in -dipine are what category?

A

Dihydropyridine CCB

108
Q

Drug names ending in -pril are what category?

A

ACE-Inhibitors

109
Q

Drug names ending in -sartan are what category?

A

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists

110
Q

Drug names ending in -statin are what category?

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

111
Q

Drug names ending in -dronate are what category?

A

Bisphosphonate

112
Q

Drug names ending in -glitazone are what category?

A

PPAR-gamma activator

113
Q

Drug names ending in -prazole are what category?

114
Q

Drug names ending in -prost are what category?

115
Q

Drug names ending in -tidine are what category?

A

H2 antagonists

116
Q

Drug names ending in -tropin are what category?

A

Pituitary hormone

117
Q

Drug names ending in -ximab are what category?

A

Chimeric monoclonal Ab

118
Q

Drug names ending in -zumab are what category?

A

Humanized monoclonal Ab

119
Q

What is DRESS syndrome?

A

‘Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms’ - Rare, life-threatening, 2-8 weeks after exposure, usually happens with anticonvulsants, allopurinol, sulfonamides, and antibiotics. Likely involves drug-induced herpesvirus reactivation followed by clonal expansion of T cells that cross-react with drug. Fever, lymphadenopathy, facial edema, diffuse morbilliform skin rash.

120
Q

Dopamine1 Receptor is associated with which receptor?

A

Gs - relaxes renal vasculature smooth muscle

121
Q

Dopamine2 Receptor is associated with which receptor?

A

Gi - modulates transmitter release, esp in brain

122
Q

Histamine1 Receptor is associated with which receptor?

A

Gq - Increases nasal and bronchial mucus production, increases vascular permeability, contraction of bronchioles, pruritis, pain

123
Q

Histamine2 Receptor is associated with which receptor?

A

Gs - Increased gastric acid secretion

124
Q

Vasopressin1 Receptor is associated with which receptor?

A

Gq - Increases vascular smooth muscle contraction

125
Q

Vasopressin2 Receptor is associated with which receptor?

A

Gs - Increase water permeability and reabsorption in the collecting tubules of the kidney (V2 is found in the 2 kidneys)

126
Q

OD with AChE-inhibitors can be treated with what?

A

Pralidoxime (regenerates AChE) - peripheral only - atropine blocks parasympathetic NS peripherally and centrally

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