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Step 1 > Behavioral/Biostats > Flashcards

Behavioral/Biostats Flashcards

1
Q

Odds ratio is used with which of study?

A

Case-control study

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2
Q

Relative risk is used with which type of study?

A

Cohort study

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3
Q

Describe Phase IV clinical trials?

A

Postmarketing surveillance trial of patients after approval of drug/therapy

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4
Q

How is odds ratio calculated?

A

OR = (ad)/(bc)

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5
Q

How is relative risk calculated?

A

Risk of developing disease in the exposed group divided by risk of developing disease in the unexposed group; RR = (a/[a+b])/(c/[c+d])

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6
Q

How is relative risk reduction calculated?

A

RRR = 1-RR

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7
Q

How is attributable risk calculated?

A

AR = (a/[a+b])-(c/[c+d[)

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8
Q

How is absolute risk reduction calculated?

A

The difference in risk attributable to the intervention as compared to a control (e.g., if 8% of people who receive a placebo vaccine develop flu vs. 2% of those who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = 8%-2% = 6% = 0.6)

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9
Q

How is number needed to treat calculated?

A

NNT = 1/ARR

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10
Q

How is number needed to harm calculated?

A

NNH = 1/AR

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11
Q

What is another word for “precision” of a test?

A

Reliability - not necessarily accurate

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12
Q

Does random error reduce the precision or accuracy of a test?

A

Precision

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13
Q

Does systematic error reduce the precision or accuracy of a test?

A

Accuracy

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14
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Nonrandom assignment to participate in a study group

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15
Q

What is measurement bias?

A

Information is gathered in a way that distorts it

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16
Q

What is procedure bias?

A

Subjects in different groups are not treated the same

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17
Q

What is observer-expectancy bias?

A

Researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment (aka Pygmalion effect)

18
Q

What is Berkson bias?

A

A specific type of selection bias - looking only at inpatients

19
Q

How is standard error of the mean calculated? *standard error of the mean is an estimation of how much variability exists between the sample mean and the true population mean

A

SEM = SD/square root of n; SEM decreases as n (sample size) increases

20
Q

In Gaussian distribution, what percentage of the sample size falls within 1 SD of the mean?

A

68%

21
Q

In Gaussian distribution, what percentage of the sample size falls within 2s SD of the mean?

A

95%

22
Q

In Gaussian distribution, what percentage of the sample size falls within 3 SDs of the mean?

A

99.7%

23
Q

In positive skew distribution, list mean median and mode from greatest to largest

A

mean > median > mode

24
Q

In negative skew distribution, list mean median and mode from greatest to largest

A

mode > median > mean

25
Q

What is a Type I error?

A

Rejection of null hypothesis when in reality there is no difference

26
Q

What is a Type II error?

A

Acceptance of null hypothesis when in reality there is a difference

27
Q

When is a t-test used?

A

Checks differences between means of 2 groups.

28
Q

When is an ANOVA (analysis of variance) test used?

A

Checks differences between means of 3+ groups

29
Q

When is a chi-square test use?

A

Checks difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes (not mean values)

30
Q

What is quaternary disease prevention?

A

Identifying patients at risk of unnecessary treatment, protecting them from the harm of new interventions

31
Q

What are the four core ethical principles?

A

Respect patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice

32
Q

Low birth weight is defined as what?

A
33
Q

What are the top three causes of death of infants under 1 year of age?

A
  1. Congenital malformations
  2. Preterm birth
  3. SIDS
34
Q

What are the top three causes of death of children 1-14 YO?

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Cancer
  3. Homicide
35
Q

What are the top three causes of death of young adults aged 15-24?

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Homicide
  3. Suicide
36
Q

What are the top three causes of death of adults 25-34 years of age?

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Suicide
  3. Homicide
37
Q

What are the top three causes of death of adults 35-44 YO?

A
  1. Unintentional injury
  2. Cancer
  3. Heart disease
38
Q

What are the top three causes of death of adults 45-64 YO?

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Heart disease
  3. Unintentional injury
39
Q

What are the top three causes of death of adults over 65 YO?

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Chronic respiratory
40
Q

What is a crossover study?

A

Subjects are randomly allocated to a sequence of 2 or more treatments given consecutively, with a washout period.

41
Q

What is a “sentinel” event?

A

An unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury that requires immediate investigation

Step 1 (20 decks)

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