Neurology Flashcards
(256 cards)
What is the role of the notochord?
Induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate.
What is the role of the neural plate?
Gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells.
What does the notochord become?
Nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
What does the neural tube become?
Spinal cord and brain
What are the three primary vesicles and 5 secondary vesicles of the developing brain?
Prosencephalon (forebrain; becomes diencephalon and 2 telencephalons), Mesencephalon (midbrain), Rhombencephalon (hindbrain; becomes metencephalon and myelencephalon)
What does the neuroectoderm differentiate into?
CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes
What do the neural crest cells differentiate into?
PNS neurons, Schwann cells
In what week of gestation do neural tube defects occur?
4th week
What is an Arnold-Chiari malformation and what is another name for it?
Chiari malformation II; Herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus. Often with lumbosacral myelomeningocele and paralysis below defect.
What is a Dandy-Walker malformation?
Agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. Associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida.
What is the role of microglia?
CNS phagocytes. HIV-infected microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS
Multiple sclerosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and leukodystrophies are all a result of what?
Injured oligodendroglia (myelination in CNS)
Guillain-Barré is a result of what?
Destruction of Schwann cells; ascending paralysis
Where is NE synthesized?
Locus ceruleus (pons)
Where is DA synthesized?
Ventral tegmentum and SNc (midbrain)
Where is 5-HT synthesized?
Raphe nucleus (pons, medulla, midbrain)
Where is ACh synthesized?
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Where is GABA synthesized?
Nucleus accumbens
The BBB is formed by which 3 structures?
Tight junctions between non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, and astrocyte foot processes
What specifically makes ADH?
Supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
What specifically makes oxytocin?
Paraventricular nucleus
The lateral area of the hypothalamus is responsible for what? What happens in its destruction? What is the lateral area inhibited by?
Hunger; Anorexia, failure to thrive; Leptin
The ventromedial area of the hypothalamus is responsible for what? What happens in its destruction? What is the ventromedial area stimulated by?
Satiety; Hyperphagia; Leptin
The anterior hypothalamus is responsible for what?
Cooling, parasympathetic. “A/C: Anterior Cooling”