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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

define pharmacology

A

study of drugs and their effects on living organisms

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2
Q

Define pharmacotherapy

A

the use of medications to treat different disease states

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3
Q

Define pharmacy

A

practice of compounding, preparing, and dispensing drugs and of counseling clients about their medications

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4
Q

chemical name of the drug

A

based on the drugs chemical formula (N-acetyl para-amino phenol)

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5
Q

trade name of the drug

A

each drug company makes up its own product trade name. Always capitol letter ( Tylenol, Peridex, Arestin)

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6
Q

Brand name of the drug

A

technically, the name of the drug company itself, but often used interchangeably with the trade name

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7
Q

Generic name of the drug

A

official name of the drug determined the U.S adopted names council that is used by all manufacturers of a particular drug

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8
Q

What is the FDA?

A

U.S. Food and drug administration that determines drugs to be marketed in the US after considering safety, efficacy, and physical and chemical data. Determines what drugs are sold by prescription, and regulates the advertising and labeling of prescription drugs

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9
Q

What is the DEA?

A

US Drug Enforcement and Administration that determines the degree of control for substances with abuse potential

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10
Q

define effective dose 50

A

dose that produces 50% of the maximum response, or the dose of drug that produces a specific response in 50% of subjects

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11
Q

define lethal dose 50

A

dose that is lethal to kills 50% of the subjects

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12
Q

define Therapeutic index

A

LD50 divided by ED50 to measure the safety of a drug

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13
Q

define onset

A

time required for a drugs effect to begin, onset is short if the drug is given intravenously, longer if administered orally

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14
Q

define duration

A

length of time a drug’s effect lasts

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15
Q

define potency

A

amount of drug needed to produce an effect; the more potent an agent is, the lower is the dose needed to produce an effect

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16
Q

define efficacy

A

desired effect elicited by a drug, independent of dose

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17
Q

what are routes of administration

A
  1. Oral-easiest to use, but latency period exists
  2. rectal
  3. parenteral-route other than an oral routes which refers to an injection
  4. intravenous-into a vein, and has the shortest onset of action and higher risk of adverse effects
  5. intramuscular-into the muscle
  6. subcutaneous-injected beneath the skin
  7. intradermal-injected into the dermis
  8. topical-ointments or creams applied
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18
Q

define pharmacokinetics

A

way in which the body responds to drugs through the 4 processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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19
Q

what does absorption depend on?

A
  1. degree of ionization-more charged the drug, less it will be absorbed
  2. lipid solubility-more lipid soluble the drug, more readily it will be absorbed
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20
Q

factors that can affect absorption

A
  1. client compliance
  2. age
  3. gender
  4. other disease states
  5. genetic variations
  6. placebo effect
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21
Q

where does biotransformation of the drug take place at?

A

in the liver by hepatic microsomal enzymes

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22
Q

where are drugs excreted?

A

usually by the kidneys (urine) and can also occur through feces, sweat, tears, or lungs

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23
Q

define agonist receptor

A

drug that has an affinity for a receptor site and binds to it producing an affect

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24
Q

define antagonist receptor

A

drug that has an affinity for a receptor site and binds to it but produces no effect; competitively blocks the effect of an agonist

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25
Q

Agents affecting the autonomic nervous system are divided into what 4 groups

A
  1. parasympathetic stimulation
  2. parasympathetic inhibition
  3. sympathetic stimulation
  4. sympathetic inhibition
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26
Q

What do B1 receptors do during sympathetic system (adrenergic agents)?

A

stimulate the heart, increase HR, increase the contractility, and conduction of velocity of the heart and cause bronchodilation

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27
Q

what do B2 receptors do during sympathetic system (adrenergic agents)?

A

relax smooth muscles, causing dilation of the blood vessels of skeletal muscle and bronchodilation

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28
Q

define mydriasis

A

pupil dilation

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29
Q

therapeutic uses of adrenergic agents

A
  1. anaphylaxis
  2. cardiac arrest
  3. nasal congestion
  4. asthma
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30
Q

what are advantages of adrenergic vasoconstrictors

A
  1. prolongs duration of anesthesia
  2. reduces systemic toxicity
  3. provides hemostasis
  4. reduces absorption (vasoconstriction)
  5. increases concentration of anesthetic at the nerve membrane
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31
Q

what are disadvantages of adrenergic vasoconstrictors

A
  1. excessive amount produces systemic toxicity
  2. in people with cardiovascular disease it can:
    a. reasonable amounts can be use din local anesthetic additives for clients whose cardiovascular conditions are stable.
    b. avoid using epinephrine-impregnated retraction cords
    c. maximum safe dose varies for normal and clients with cardiovascular disease
  3. hyperthyroidism-may produce a thyroid storm in clients who have no received treatment and in those receiving drug therapy
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32
Q

how can we minimize toxicity

A
  1. inject slowly
  2. aspirating before injecting
  3. calming the client
  4. using the lowest effective dose
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33
Q

What is the action of parasympathomimetic Cholinergic agonist agents

A

mimic the action of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system and stimulation of PANS

34
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for a cholinergic agonists

A

acetylcholine

35
Q

what are some properties of the ideal LA

A
  1. potent
  2. reversible
  3. no systemic anesthesia
  4. no local, systemic, or allergic reaction
  5. rapid onset
  6. satisfactory duration
  7. adequate tissue penetration
  8. low cost
  9. stable in solution (long shelf life)
  10. can be sterilized by autoclave
  11. metabolized and excreted easily
36
Q

LA agents composed of amides

A

articaine (septocaine), lidocaine (xylocaine), mepivacaine (Carbocaine), prilocaine (citanest), and bupivacaine (Marcaine)

37
Q

LA agents composed of esters

A

tetracaine, procaine, and propoxycaine

38
Q

what are absorption and distribution of LA determined by?

A

the pH of the environment

39
Q

where are ester LA agents metabolized?

A

hydrolyzed by blood

40
Q

where are amide LA agents metabolized

A

in the liver

41
Q

what factors can influence LA toxicity

A

drug, concentration, route, tissue inflammation, vasoconstriction, body weight, and rate of metabolism and excretion

42
Q

What are LA solutions made of?

A
  1. vasoconstrictors (epinephrine)
  2. preservatives (antiseptics)
  3. antioxidants (sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite)
  4. alkalinizing agents (sodium hydroxide)
  5. sodium chloride (makes the solution isotonic)
43
Q

What occurs at each stage of LA

A
  1. analegesia
  2. excitement
  3. surgical anesthesia
  4. respiratory paralysis
44
Q

How should Nitrous Oxide be given?

A

begin with 100% O2 for 2-3 mintes and then add N20 in 5% to 10% increments until the desired state of sedation is reached (usually 3-5 minutes)

45
Q

How should one remove Nitrous Oxide from the patient during the end of the procedure?

A

client should receive O2 for 5 minutes

46
Q

What are contraindications for Nitrous Oxide?

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract infections
  2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Lack of Communication
  5. Contagious diseases
  6. Epilepsy
  7. emotional instability
  8. previous negative experience
47
Q

mechanism of action of benzodiazepines

A

potentiates the inhibitory neurotransmitter gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and increases sedation

48
Q

What are the pharmacologic effects of barbiturates

A

muscle relaxation, no analgesic action, anticonvulsant, and anxiety relief

49
Q

mechanism of action of salicylates (aspirin)

A

primarily peripheral; prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor functions by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase or prostaglandin synthetaste

50
Q

what are the pharmacologic effects of aspirin

A
  1. analgesic-reduces pain
  2. antipyretic-reduces elevated body temperature
  3. anti-inflammatory-reduces inflammation
51
Q

why should children under 18 not be given aspirin?

A

because they can get Reye’s syndrome

52
Q

if aspirin is taken prior to a dental appointment, what may the clinician notice?

A

more bleeding in the patient’s mouth than normal

53
Q

mechanism of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS)

A

similar to that of aspirin, drug inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

54
Q

What are contraindications of NSAIDS?

A
  1. in patients that have experienced asthma or allergic reactions to aspirin therapy
  2. fluid-retention problems
  3. coagulation problems
  4. peptic ulcer disease
  5. ulcerative colitis
55
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of NSAIDS

A

.1. pain control-stronger than aspirin

  1. arthritis-anti-inflammatory action
  2. painful menstruation
56
Q

examples of NSAIDS

A
  1. ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, Aleve)
  2. Naproxen
  3. Indomethacin-prescription only
57
Q

Acetaminophen; Tylenol contraindications

A
  1. hepatoxicity
  2. renal toxicity
  3. clients with alcohol-abuse problems
58
Q

what are the pharmacologic effects of Acetaminophen; tylenol

A
  1. analgesic
  2. antipyretic
    NOT AN ANTI INFLAMMATORY
59
Q

opioid analgesic agents and their pharmacologic effects

A
  1. analgesia
  2. sedation
  3. euphoria
  4. dysphoria
  5. cough suppressant
  6. GI effects
  7. respiratory effects
60
Q

Purpose of agonist and antagonist opioid agents

A

has a lower abuse potential and can precipitate withdrawal in opiate addicts

61
Q

what are antagonists opioid agents used for?

A

treat opioid overdose, counteract respiratory depression, and include in any dental emergency kit

62
Q

therapeutic uses of opioid analgesic agents

A
  1. pain relief
  2. sedation and anxiety relief
  3. cough suppression
    4, diarrhea-symptomatic relief only
63
Q

What can be used to treat Gout?

A

colchicine and NSAIDs

64
Q

what is the mechanism of penicillin

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis

65
Q

when does penicillin blood levels peak?

A

30 minutes and 1 hour when administered by the oral or intramuscular route

66
Q

How can penicillin G be administered?

A

only parenteral

67
Q

What are examples of macrolides?

A
  1. erythromycin
  2. azithromycin
  3. clarithromycin
68
Q

when would erythromycin be used?

A

during the treatment of a dental infection with someone who is allergic to penicillin

69
Q

What are examples of Cephalosporins?

A
  1. cefuroxime
  2. cephalexin
  3. cephradine
70
Q

when is clindamycin used?

A

against certain anaerobic infections thought to be caused by bacteriodes species, jaw infections, and periodontal infections and for the prophylaxis of infective endocarditis

71
Q

Therapeutic uses of tetracycline

A

management of periodontal diseases and drug can be placed in periodontal pockets

72
Q

Examples of quinolones

A
  1. ciprofloxacin
  2. enoxacin
  3. ofloxacin
73
Q

therapeutic uses of sulfonamides

A
  1. urinary tract infections
  2. otitis media (children’s ear infections)
  3. respiratory infections
  4. no dental use
74
Q

what are some drugs used to treat antifungal agents

A

nystatin, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole

75
Q

Acyclovir is used to treat what condition?

A

genital herpes who are not immunocompromised

76
Q

what is Docosanol (Abreva) used to treat?

A

oral herpes simplex (Cold sores)

77
Q

what is the pharmacologic effects of antihypertensives

A

reduce elevated blood pressure

78
Q

pharmacologic effects of anticoagulants?

A

reduce the ability of blood to clot so lots of bleeding

79
Q

pharmacologic effects of anticonvulsants?

A

reduction of frequency or elimination of seizures

80
Q

what drugs can be used with someone who is pregnant in her second trimester?

A

amoxicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, lidocaine, and epinephrine

81
Q

what drugs should be avoided in someone who is pregnant?

A

Aspirin, NSAIDs, metronidazole, and N2)

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