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Paramedic 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define “drugs”

A

Foreign substances in the body

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2
Q

Define “medications”

A

Drugs that are used to treat and prevent disease.

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3
Q

Define “pharmacology”

A

The study of drugs and their effects on the body

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4
Q

What are the four main sources of drugs?

A

Plants, Minerals, Animals and Laboratory.

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5
Q

What is the United States Pharmacopeia (USP)?

A

A nongovernmental official public standards setting authority over prescription and over the counter drugs.

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6
Q

Define “pharmacodynamics”

A

How medications interact with the body to produce it’s effects

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7
Q

Define “pharmacokinetics”

A

How medications are transported into and out of the body

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8
Q

What are the four types of drug names?

A

Official, Chemical, Generic and Trade

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9
Q

What did the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 aim to do?

A

Improve the quality and labeling of drugs and named the United States Pharmacopeia as the official source of drug information

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10
Q

The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 attempted to do what?

A

Limit the indiscriminate use of highly addicting drugs by regulating the transportation, manufacture, sale and use of opium, cocaine, and their compounds and derivatives

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11
Q

What amendment required that pharmacists have verbal or written prescription from a physician to dispense certain drugs?

A

Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the 1938 Act

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12
Q

The FDA was empowered by what act to enforce premarket safety standards for drugs

A

The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938

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13
Q

What act created the 5 schedules of controlled substances?

A

Controlled Substance Act of 1970

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14
Q

Define “Schedule I”

A

High abuse potential, may lead to dependance, no medical indications

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15
Q

Define “Schedule II”

A

High abuse potential, may lead to dependance, has accepted medical indications.

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16
Q

Define “Schedule III”

A

Less abuse potential than Schedule I or II, may lead to moderate to low dependance or high psychological dependance, has accepted medical indications

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17
Q

Define “Schedule IV”

A

Low abuse potential compared to Schedule III, may lead to limited psychological or physical dependance, has accepted medical indications

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18
Q

Define “Schedule V”

A

Lower abuse potential compared to Schedule IV, may lead to limited psychological or physical dependance, has accepted medical indications

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19
Q

Define “assay”

A

The purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory

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20
Q

Define “bioequivalance”

A

The relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs

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21
Q

What are the “6 Rights”

A

Right patient, Right medication, Right route, Right time, Right documentation, Right dose

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22
Q

Define “teratogenic drugs”

A

Drugs that may harm or kill a fetus

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23
Q

What tool is used to measure pediatric patients for medication administration?

A

Broselowe Tape

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24
Q

What are the two types of chemicals that bind to receptor sites?

A

Agonist and antagonist

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25
Q

Define “efficacy”

A

Drugs ability to elicit it’s effect

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26
Q

Define “affinity”

A

The force of attraction between the receptor site and drug

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27
Q

Define agonist and antagonist

A

Agonists have affinity and efficacy, antagonists have affinity but no efficacy

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28
Q

Define onset of action

A

Time from administration to reaching the minimum effective concentration.

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29
Q

What is the time when a drug is above the minimum effective concentration in the body?

A

Duration of Action

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30
Q

What is the Lethal Dose for 50 percent of the population and the Effective Dose for 50 percent of the population called?

A

Therapeutic Index (TI)

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31
Q

Define biologic half-life

A

Time for the body to clear half of the medication.

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32
Q

The nervous system breaks down into what two systems?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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33
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

What parts make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nervous tissue outside of the Central Nervous System

35
Q

The peripheral nervous system breaks down into what two systems?

A

Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System’s

36
Q

What type of functions does the Somatic nervous system control?

A

Voluntary motor functions

37
Q

What type of functions does the Autonomic Nervous System control?

A

Involuntary “automatic” functions

38
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System breaks down into what two systems?

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

39
Q

Describe the Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or Flight

40
Q

Describe the Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Feed or Breed

41
Q

What is the difference between analgesia and anesthesia?

A

Analgesia is the absence of the sensation of pain, anesthesia is the absence of all sensation

42
Q

What are “analgesics”?

A

Medications that relieve the sensation of pain

43
Q

Define “adjunct medications”

A

Adjunct medications enhance the effect of other analgesics

44
Q

Opium and all of it’s derivatives reduce pain by being similar to what?

A

Similar to natural pain reducing peptides endorphins

45
Q

How do endorphins and by extension opioids work to treat pain?

A

Work through opiate receptors and decrease pain by decreasing the sensory neurons ability to propagate pain impulse to the spinal cord and brain

46
Q

What is the prototype drug for opioids?

A

Morphine

47
Q

What are the three broad types of non-opioid analgesics?

A

Salicytes (Aspirin)Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs or NSAIDS (Ibuprofen)Paraminophenal Derivatives (Acetaminophen)

48
Q

What are opioid antagonists useful for?

A

Reversing the effects of opioid drugs, usually to treat respiratory depression.

49
Q

Naloxone (Narcan) is the prototype drug of what class?

A

Opioid Antagonist

50
Q

Neuroleptanesthesia combines what two effects?

A

Anesthesia and amnesia.

51
Q

True or false, Anesthetics are usually only given one at a time.

A

False

52
Q

How do anesthetics work?

A

Hyperpolarize neural membranes which makes depolarization more difficult. Thus decreasing firing rate of impulses and reducing propagation of action.

53
Q

What do paramedics typically use anesthetics for?

A

Assist in intubation in rapid sequence intubation

54
Q

Define “Sedation”

A

Sedation is a state of decreased anxiety and inhibitions

55
Q

Define “Hypnosis”

A

Instigation of sleep

56
Q

Sleep is categorized into what two categories?

A

REM and Non-REM sleep

57
Q

What are the two pharmacological classes of anti-anxiety and sedative-hypnotic medications are?

A

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates.

58
Q

Differentiate between Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

A

Benzodiazepines are usually prescribed orally and generally safe to treat general anxiety while Barbiturates have a broader depressant quality and higher abuse potential

59
Q

What does GABA stand for in context of neurotransmitters?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

60
Q

GABA is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter of what system?

A

Central Nervous System

61
Q

What is the antagonist to Benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil (Romazaicone)

62
Q

Define “Seizure”

A

Seizure is hyperactivity in either a section of the brain (partial seizure) or all of the brain (generalized seizure)

63
Q

What channels in the neural membrane do antiseizure and antiepileptic medications target?

A

Sodium and Calcium ion channels

64
Q

What are the two techniques that stimulate the Central Nervous System?

A

Increasing the effectiveness or release of excitatory neurotransmitters or Decreasing the effectiveness or release of inhibitory neurotransmitters

65
Q

What are the 3 pharmacological classes of CNS stimulants?

A

Amphetamines, Methylphenidates, Mehtylxanthines

66
Q

What do amphetamines like methamphetamine and dextroamphetamine do?

A

Increase the release of excitatory neurotransmitters including norepinephrine and dopamine.

67
Q

What Psychotherapeutic medications treat what?

A

Mental dysfunction

68
Q

What are Extra Pyramidal Symptoms (EPS)?

A

Common side effects of antipsychotic medications which include muscle tremors.

69
Q

Define “Neuroleptic”

A

Affecting the nerves

70
Q

What are the two pharmaceuticals classes of antipsychotics and neuroleptics?

A

Phenothiazines, Butyrophenones

71
Q

What are two medications to administer to every unknown unconscious?

A

Narcan and D50%

72
Q

What is the difference between “lytic” and “mimetic”

A

Mimetic means to stimulate and lytics means to reduce the action of

73
Q

What does Beta 1 receptor stimulation stimulate?

A

Heart

74
Q

What does Beta 2 receptor stimulation stimulate?

A

Lungs

75
Q

What does Alpha 1 receptor stimulation stimulate?

A

Vein and Arteriole constriction, Ejaculation

76
Q

What does dopaminergic stimulation stimulate?

A

Vasodilation

77
Q

What is the dosage for Epinephrine IV push?

A

0.3 mg - 1.0 mg

78
Q

What is the dosage for dopamine infusion?

A

2-20 mcg/kg/min

79
Q

What is the dosage for atropine iv push?

A

0.5 - 2.0 mg

80
Q

What is the dosage for narcan iv push?

A

0.4 - 2.0 mg

81
Q

What is the dosage for D50 iv push?

A

12.5 - 25 grams

82
Q

What is the dosage for glucagon iv push?

A

1 mg

83
Q

Amiodarone dose?

A

150 - 300 mg

84
Q

What is the dosage for Epinephrine infusion?

A

1 to 4 mcg per min

Paramedic 1 (5 decks)

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