Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RAD613 > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacology the study of?

A

Actions
Mechanisms
Uses
Adverse effects of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 disciplines are pharmacology divided into?

A

pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

Natural/ semi-synthetic or synthetic substance that alters the physiological state of a living organism/ system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 7 classifications of drugs?

A
  1. Chemical structure
  2. Source
  3. Target organ/ site of action
  4. Mode of action
  5. Therapeutic uses
  6. Physiological system
  7. Physical effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 names that drugs are given?

A

Chemical, non-proprietary (generic) and propriety (brand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what id the definition of pharmacodynamics?

A

Pharmacodynamics is studying the effects of a drug on various systems in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Pharmacodynamics look at?

A

It looks at:
how the drug binds to the target site and initiates changes in various systems to change their physiological state

It also explains why some drugs maybe more potent than others or why different doses maybe needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Drug binds to receptors to initiate changes in cells leading to therapeutic/ adverse effects/

what can drugs be?

A

Agonist
Partial agonist
Antagonist: competitive or irreversible (non-competitive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacokinetics?

A

Pharmacokinetics is a fundamental scientific discipline that underpins the administration of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Pharmacokinetics follow?

A

It follows a drug from the moment that it is
administered up to the point at which it is completely
eliminated from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a short definition of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

A

Pharmacokinetics - what the body does to the drug/ substance

Pharmacodynamics - what the drug/ substance does to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 main principles of Pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does absorption refer to?

A

Refers to the amount of drug
in general circulation

bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is bioavailability?

A

The fraction of drug available to produce an effect
Amount of drug in general circulation
F = ——————————————–
Amount of drug administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of drug transfer?

A

Passive diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are 3 basic concepts of Pharmacokinetics?

A

Drug transfer

Drug properties

Effect of pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What makes up drug formulations?

A

Solid/ semisolid
Liquid: suspension, solution
Polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes up Drug chemistry?

A

Molecular size and shape
State of ionization
Lipid – water partition coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what influences the degree of dissociation?

A

pH of solution
pKa of the drug (dissociation constant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when ionized drugs become trapped in certain areas?

A

They cannot diffuse anymore thus reducing the amount of drug available to produce an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the clinical importance of absorption?

A

different routes of administration can maximize drug bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What effects do changes in bioavailability have on drugs?

A

Loss of drug effectiveness

drug toxicity

23
Q

what are common routes of administration?

A

Enteral administration
- oral – po
- rectal
- sublingual, buccal

Parenteral administration - routes other than the digestive tract
- intravenous – iv (bioavailability 100%)
- intramuscular – im
- Subcutaneous – sc
- transdermal
- inhalation
- topical
- intrathecal (CSF)

24
Q

What is used as an index of drug concentration in tissue?

A

Plasma concentration

25
Q

what is the Volume of distribution?

A

Theoretical volume (in L) into which a drug dissolves to produce the plasma concentration observed at steady state

    Amount of drug given = Dose Vd = -----------------------------------------------         Steady state plasma concentration = Cpl
26
Q

What is the clinical importance of volume distribution?

A

changes in VD influence plasma concentration of drug and dose may need adjusting

27
Q

What is lipophilic?

A

Lipid soluble

28
Q

Which molecules can be eliminated from the body?

A

only water soluble molecules

29
Q

Where is a major site of metabolism?

A

The liver

but can also occur in the kidneys or lungs

30
Q

What is metabolism influenced by?

A

Interaction with other drugs/ supplements
Ageing
Diseases (mostly important liver disease)
Genetic polymorphism

31
Q

What are common methods of drug elimination?

A

Renal
Pulmonary
Biliary
Sweat, tears
Breast milk

only hydrophilic molecules can be excreted

32
Q

What are the 2 types of time dependent patterns of drug elimination?

A

first order and zero order kinetics

33
Q

What is first order kinetics?

A

Constant fraction of drug eliminated per time.
rate of drug elimination proportional to drug plasma concentration.

graph - curved

34
Q

What is zero order kinetics?

A

constant amount of drug eliminated per time

Rate of drug elimination independent of drug plasma concentration.

Graph: straight line

35
Q

What is the clinical importance of 1st order kinetics?

A

Time to eliminate drug independent of dose

Increasing dose or frequency of administration produces predictable rises in plasma concentration

Majority of drugs use first order kinetics

36
Q

What is the clinical importance of zero order kinetics?

A

Time to eliminate drug dependent of dose

Increasing dose or frequency of administration produces unpredictable rises in plasma concentration

Makes drug administration complicated

37
Q

what are Important parameters of 1st order kinetics?

A
  1. Elimination rate constant ke: describes the fraction of drug eliminated per unit time
  2. Half-life: interval of time to reduce the plasma concentration by one half
38
Q

Half life in zero order kinetics is independent of dose but is useful to estimate?

A

time to clear drug from body
duration of action
time to achieve steady state
dosage interval to maintain steady state

39
Q

Assuming intact renal and hepatic function.
What is the time needed to reach steady state plasma concentration after a single dose or how long does it take to clear a drug from the body?

A

4 - 5 half lives

40
Q

What is the definition of clearance?

A

volume of plasma from which the drug would be removed per unit time
Expressed in ml/minute

41
Q

Which is the most direct route of drug administration?
Oral
Intravenous
Intrarectal

A

IV

42
Q

True or false:
Reactions of second phase are compulsory in drug metabolism before excretion.

A

false

43
Q

True or false?
Zero-order kinetics does not depend on dose.

A

False - first order is dose-independent

44
Q

What does ADR stand for?

A

Adverse drug reaction

45
Q

What are adverse drug interactions we need to think about when giving contrast?

A

contrast media alone
interactions with drugs

46
Q

What are the 2 types of drug interactions?

A

PD - Pharmacodynamics
PK - Pharmacokinetics

47
Q

What are the risks of contrast and drug interactions?

A

Reduce renal function with reduced drug excretion
Enhanced contrast media renal effects
Enhanced allergic-like reactions to contrast media
Enhanced contrast media cardiac effects
Interference with hematological effects of contrast media and Contrast media and neuroleptic drugs

48
Q

Which drugs can reduce renal function and therefore reduce drug excretion?

A

metformin and lithium

49
Q

Which drugs can cuase enhanced contrast media renal effects?

A

NSAIDs, gentamicin, chemotherapeutic drugs, diuretics

50
Q

Which drugs can enhance allergic-like reactions to contrast media?

A

alpha-receptor blockers (beta-controversial), interferons, interleukins, hydralazine

51
Q

Which drugs can enhance contrast media cardiac effects?

A

high osmolar contrast media and calcium blockers

52
Q

Which drugs can Interfere with hematological effects of contrast media?

A

(coagulation and fibrinolysis)
e.g. anticoagulants and antiplatelets

53
Q
A

RAD613 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions