IV theory workshop Flashcards
what are moles?
A mole is a standard quantity
short for 6.02 x10^23
or
the number of atoms in 12g of carbon 12
What number is avogadros constant?
6.02 x10^23
What can you measure solvent in?
weight or volume
What can you measure solutes in?
weight
what is it called when you add solutes to a solvent?
A solution
How can you measure concentration of a solution?
Lots of ways but main 2
- Moles of solute per volume of solution
- Moles of solute per weight of solvent
What is Molarity?
The number of moles of solute per Liter of solution.
Unit is M
What is Molality?
The number of moles of solute per Kg of solvent.
Unit is m
Molarity or Molality? for Moles/L
Molarity (M)
Molarity or Molality? for Moles / kg
Molality (m)
How to remember the difference between Molality and molarity?
MolaRity = moles per LiteR
What is the osmotic pressure determined by?
what has no effect?
The number of particles in the solution
size, shape or charge has no effect
What do osmolarity and osmolality refer to?
The concentration of all the particles that contribute to osmotic pressure
What is osmolarity?
The measure of solute concentration per unit volume of solution
Unit = Osm/L
What is Osmolality?
The measure of solute concentration per unit mass of solvent.
Unit = Osm/kg
What is a common example of osmolarity?
volume of blood
Why is osmolality different from osmolarity?
Osmolality is more accurate and independent of pressure and temperature
How is osmolarity calculated?
From the CMP - comprehensive metabolic panel
How is osmolality measured?
measured with a osmometer which measures depression of freezing points
what is the osmolarity calculation?
Osmolarity = osmolality x 0.995
What is tonicity?
the measurement of the osmotic pressure gradient between 2 solutions
Describe the Solutes in a hypertonic solution compared to the cell?
More solutes in the solution comparedto the cell
Definition of hypertonic?
Higher strength
Describe the Solutes in a hypotonic solution compared to the cell?
Less solutes in the solution compared to the cell
Definition of hypotonic?
Lower strength
Describe the Solutes in a isotonic solution compared to the cell
Equal number of solutes in the solution as the cell
Definition of Isotonic?
same strength
Where does water always move?
Water always follows the solute
What happens to water in a hypertonic solution?
water moves out of the cell so it shrinks (crenate)
What happens to water in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell so the cell swells or bursts (turgor or lysis)
What happens to water is a isotonic solution?
No net movement so no change to the cell.
What are bodily examples of hypertonic solutions?
pulmonary oedema
fluid overload
What are bodily examples of hypertonic solutions?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia
When do we want to give patients isotonic solutions?
Dehydration , post-op, during hemorrhage and with D and V
What does viscosity refer to?
To a substances resistance to flow
What is low viscosity?
Little resistance to flow
flows quickly and easily
What is high viscosity?
Strongly resists flow
flows very slowly
What is an anaphylactoid?
The termanaphylactoidto describe a non-immune mediated reaction is no longer used. These reactions are described asnon-immunologic anaphylaxisand can still be life-threatening.
What is IgE - mediated reaction?
This is the classic definition of anaphylaxis, where an allergen activates mast cells and basophils through IgE receptors
What is an non-IgE mediated reaction
This pathway can cause symptoms similar to classic anaphylaxis, and can be triggered by a number of factors, including:
Antibodies against IgE or their receptors
Anaphylatoxins
G-coupled receptors
IgG antibodies that activate neutrophils
Inflammatory mediators like bradykinin or prostaglandin
What are the key toxic effects that can be seen after giving IV contrast ?
vascular
soft tissue
cardio-vascular
hematological
nephro-toxicity
thryroid
