Pharmacology Flashcards
Beta blocker examples?
Bisoprolol, atenolol, propranolol
Beta blockers primary mechanism of action?
Block beta1 receptors and thus decrease cardiac automaticity as well as conduction velocity that are controlled by these receptors. Also reduce beta 1 mediated increases in renin release, which decreases angiotensin II levels and thus reduces blood pressure. Blockade of beta 2 receptors reduces relaxation of the smooth muscles along with decreased metabolic effects such as glycogenolysis.
Beta blockers drug target?
Beta adrenoceptors
(preferably beta 1 adrenoceptors for angina)
Beta blockers main side effects?
Common:
Bradycardia and hypotension
Constipation
Erectile dysfunction
Insomnia/nightmare (Lipid soluble agents)
Asthmatics - Bronchospasm
Diabetics - Hyperglycaemia
Beta blockers extra info?
Cardioselective agents are more selective for beta 1 receptors e.g. bisoprololol and atenolol.
Propranolol is a non-selective beta blocker.
In 2020, bisoprolol was the 9th, atenolol was the 54th and propranolol was the 75th most commonly prescribed drugs in the West London area
Nitrates example?
Glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide
Nitrates primary mechanism of action?
Nitrates are activated to nitric oxide (NO). Then activates soluble guanylate cyclase, leading to vaso- and veno-dilation. This decreases preload and afterload and thus decreases myocardial oxygen demand.
Nitrates drug target?
Activated by mitochondrial or cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)
Nitrates main side effects?
Common:
Headaches
Hypotension
Cutaneous flushing
Nitrates extra info?
Tolerance to nitrates is a common occurrence.
In 2020, Glyceryl trinitrate was the 153rd and isosorbide the 56th most commonly prescribed drugs in the West London area
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers example?
Diltiazem
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers primary mechanism of action?
Block L-type calcium channels – predominantly on cardiac smooth muscle and nodal tissue. These drugs are negative inotropes(decreased force) and negative chronotropes (decreased rate). Drugs such as diltiazem are also coronary artery dilators.
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers drug target?
L-type calcium channel
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers main side effects?
Common:
Ankle oedema
Bradycardia
Flushing/Headaches
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers extra information?
Non-dihydropyridine type calcium channel blockers demonstrate a higher degree of cardiac selectivity
In 2020, diltiazem was the 109th
