pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
2 methods for drug administration
A
- enteral: involves use of GI tract for administration of drug
- parenteral: involves any form of drug administration not involving GI tract
2
Q
oral adminstration
enteral
A
- most common and easiest
- allows for gradual increase in drug levels d/t GI absorption
- downside: compound must be lipid-soluble so that GI can absorb it; can cause gastric irritation, metabolism and degradation of drug by liver before reaching target
3
Q
sublingual administration
enteral
A
- through sublingual mucosa under tongue or buccal mucosa btw cheeck and gums
- after absorption - travels to heart and enters circulation
- faster introduction of drug - good for acute pain
- drugs bypass liver and are not overly metabolized before reaching target
4
Q
inhalation
parenteral
A
- gaseous or aerosol form
- lungs have large surface area and can enter system quickly
- for pulmonary pathologies
- disadvatnage - can irritate resp tract
5
Q
rectal
enteral
A
- suppository in rectum
- for pts who cannot take drugs orally - unconscious or vomiting
- bypass liver
- drugs not absorbed well through rectal cavity compared to sublingual and oral
6
Q
topical
parenteral
A
- drugs poorly absorbed through skin into circulation - mostly reserved for treating localized skin, ear, eye, nose
- can apply to mucosa for better absorption into circulation
7
Q
transdermal
parenteral
A
- drug directly to skin w/ intent that drug will absorb throug hskin and enter systemic circulation
- slow, controlled release of drug over time
- fentanyl patches
8
Q
injection
parenteral
A
- local or systemic
- invasive, can cause infection
- intravenous (IV): into peripheral vein, fast, 100% bioavailable
- intra-arterial: into artery, directly to target tissue, difficult, chemo
- subcutaneous: under skin into fat or connective tissue, for slow release, can self-administer
- intramuscular (IM): into skeletal muscle, botulinum toxin for spasticity, faster than subcutaneous but still steady release into ciruclation; can cause localized soreness and pain
- intrathecal: into sheath like subarachnoid space of meninges, intro of drug in CNS without passing BBB
9
Q
bioavailability
A
- % of drug that makes it into systemic circulation from site of original administration
- will vary depending on how much drug becomes degraded before reaching systemic ciruclation
- IV drugs are 100% bioavailable
10
Q
dose response curve
A
- graphic representation of drug and body’s response to drug
- as dosage increases, more receptors for drug become activated -> increases body’s response to drug
- body’s response will plateau at certain dosage
- can be used to compare potency of drugs
11
Q
half-life
A
- rate of elimination of drug
- if half-life is 2 hours and 4,000 units are administed, 2,000 will remain after 2 hours, and 1,000 will remain after 4 hours
12
Q
drug schedules
A
- schedule I: potential for abuse and high risk for addiction -> for research purposes and not medical treatment (LSD)
- schedule II: potential for abuse and addiction but still approved for medical use, no automatic refills (opioids, amphetamines, barbiturates)
- schedule III: lower potential for abuse but moderate risk for dependence, allows for automatic refills (opioid and non-opioid mixes, anabolic steroids)
- schedule IV: lower potential for abuse and mild risk for dependence, some limitations (anxiolytic - phenobarbital)
- schedule V: lowest potential for abuse and addiction, cough and cold meds with low opioid doses
13
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
- how a drug exerts therapeutic effect on body at cellular and organ level
what drug does to body
14
Q
pharmacotherapeutics
A
- use of drugs for preventing, treating, and diagnosing diseases
15
Q
pharmacokinetics
A
- how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by body
what body does to drug
