gastrointestinal system Flashcards
1
Q
upper GI
A
- mouth - mechanical and chemical digestion
- esophagus
- stomach: grinding, secretion of HCl and hormones that release digestive enzymes from liver, pancreas, gallbladder to assist with digestion
2
Q
lower GI - small intestine
A
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
3
Q
lower GI - large intestine
A
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- signmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
4
Q
gland organs
A
- gallbladder: stores and releases bile into duodenum
- liver: bile produced for absorption of lipid soluble substances, assist with red blood cell and vit K production, regulates serum carbs, proteins, fats
- pancreas: exocrine - secretes bicarb and digestive enzymes; endocrine - secretes insulin, glucagon, other hormones into blood
5
Q
common GI pathologies
A
- esophagus: hiatal hernia, GERD, esophageal cx, dysphagia, varices, Barrett’s esophagus
- stomach: gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cx, GI hemorrhage, motility/emptying disorders
- intestines: malabsorptions, appendicitis, IBS, Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis, colon cx, intestinal hernia, diverticular diseases
- rectum and anus: cx, hemorrhoids, anorectal fistula, rectal fissue
- gallbladder: gallstones, cholecystitis, cx
- liver: cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), ascites, heptic encephalopathy, liver cx, hepatomegaly
- pancreas: pancreatitis (acute or chornic), DM, pancreatic cx
6
Q
kehr’s sign
A
- pn in left shoulder w/ abdominal palpation w/ pt in supine, legs elevated
- left shoulder pain that is caused by the irritation of the inferior surface of the diaphragm due to bleeding from a splenic rupture
7
Q
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
esophagus
A
- incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that allows reflux of gastric contents
- s/s heartburn, belching, chest pain, hoarseness
- -> barrett’s esophagitis
- douglas s/s
8
Q
gastritis
stomach
A
- inflammation of gastric mucosa or inner layer of stomach - similar s/s to GERD but w/ higher intensity
- erosive gastritis (acute): from NSAIDs, etoh, virus, trauma; dyspepsia, N/V; remove disease stimulus, pharm intervention
- non-erosive gastritis (chronic type B): result of helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, asymptomatic, treated aggressively, proton pump inhibitor
9
Q
gastritis s/t NSAID use may be _
A
asymptomatic
10
Q
peptic ulcer disease
A
- erosion of GI mucosa - imbalance btw protective mechanisms of stomach and secretion of acids within stomach
- many caused by H pylori and chronic NSAID use - risk increased by stress, etoh, meds, foods, smoking
- lots of same s/s but specific to H pylori - halitosis, rosacea, flushing
- pharm intervention or sx
- pain radiates from mid thoracic to RUQ and shoulder
11
Q
conditions associated w/ diarrhea and constipation
A
- diarrhea: IBS, hyperthyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, endocrine disorder, incomplete obstruction of bowel, diverticulitis, certain meds, caffeine, diet, malabsorption, pelvic inflam diseaes
- constipation: MS, SC tumors, IBS, DMD, endocrine disorder, diverticulitis, inactivity, bowel obstruction or fecal impaction, pregnancy, CVA, meds
12
Q
malabsorption syndrome
intestines
A
- reduced absorption and inadequate nutrition
- celiac, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic carcinoma, pernicious anemia, AIDS, Crohn’s, Addison’s
- s/t to defects in digestion
- s/s weight loss, chronic diarrhea, anemia, fatigue, abdominal bloating, steatorrhea (oil covered stools), abdominal crmpas, indigestions, bone pain, excessive gas
- treatment - avoid cause, take probiotics, antibiotics, diet modification, nutritional support
- increased risk for osteoporosis, patho fx
13
Q
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
A
- recurrent symptoms of upper and lower GI
- colon sensitive to certain foods or stress; could also be immune system, serotonin, bacterial infection; food, caffeine, smoking, alcohol
- s/s normal weird stomach stuff
- diagnosis of exclusion
- can have severe symptoms but does not lead to serious disease
- treatment w/ diet, pharm intervention, stress management
14
Q
diverticulitis
A
- inflamed or infected diverticula
- diverticulosis - condition of having diverticula (pouch0like protrusions in colon)
- most people are asymptomatic
- treatment: increased dietary fiber
- primary s/s is abdominal pain, tenderness over LLQ
about 25% of population
15
Q
hepatitis
A
- inflammatory processes in liver, most commonly viral (A, B, C, D, E, G) with A, B, C most common
- mostly viral, but can also be drug reaction of etoh abuse -> caused by other viruses: epstein-barr, herpes I and II, varicella-zoster, measles
16
Q
hepatitis A (HAV)
A
- virus affecting liver and function
- transmitted by close personal contact or fecal-oral (contaminated food or water)
- flu-like symptoms
- does not progress to chronic disease or cirrhosis of liver
- recovery in 6-10 weeks
- treatment supportive, virus self-limiting
17
Q
hepatitis B (HBV)
A
- vuris that affects liver and function
- transmission through sharing needles, intercourse, exposure to infected blood/semen, maternal-fetal
- small portion progress to chronic
- treatment includes hep B immunoglobulin (HBIG) for unvaccinated within 24 hrs of exposure - then vasccinations
18
Q
hepatitis C (HCV)
A
- one of primary etiologies for chronic liver disease and eventual liver failure
- transmitted through sharing needles, intercourse, infected blood or semen, maternal-fetal exposure
- large majority of post transfusion hepatitis cases
- often asymptomatic with mild acute infection
- increased frequency of hashimoto’s thyroiditis, DM, corneal ulceration
- no vaccine
- chronic hep in about 1/2 of cases, some progressing to cirrhosis of liver
19
Q
cirrhosis of liver
A
- when healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue that blocks flow of blood through organ - preventing properliver functioning
- usually from etoh abuse or HCV
- common complications - ascites, edema in LEs, jaundice, gallstones, ecchymosis, bleeding
20
Q
cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
A
- cholecystitis - inflammation of gallbladder that may be acute or chronic
- most common cause is gallstones (cholelithiasis) impacted in cystic duct
- s/s RUQ pain
21
Q
antacid agents
A
- chemically neutralize gastic acid and increase intragastric pH
- tums, milk of magnesia
- aluminum containing, calcium carb containing, magnesium containing, sodium bicarb containing
22
Q
how to treat H pylori infection
A
antiobiotics
23
Q
anticholinergics
A
- block effects of ACh on parietal cells in stomach and decrease release of gastric acid
- for gastric ulcers
24
Q
H2 receptor blockers
A
- bind specifically to histamine receptors to prevent histamine activiated release of gastric acid normally stimulated during food uptake
- for dyspepsia, GERD
- pepcid, zantac
25
Q
visceral referred pain patterns
A
26
Q
proton pump inhibitor
A
- inhibit H+/K+-ATPase enzyme, blocking secretions of acid from gastric cells into stomach
- for dyspepsia, GERD
- prevacid, prilosec
27
Q
LUQ pain and potential etiologies
A
- gastric ulcer
- perforated colon
- pneumonia
- spleen injury
- spleen rupture
- aortic aneurysm
28
Q
RUQ pain and potential etiologies
A
- hepatomegaly
- duodenal ulcer
- cholecystitis
- pneumonia
- hepatitis
- biliary stones
29
Q
LLQ pain and potenial etiologies
A
- perforated colon
- ileitis
- sigmoid colon
- kidney stone
- ureteral stone
- intestinal obstruction
30
Q
RLQ pain and potential etiologies
A
- kidney stone
- ureteral stone
- meckel diverticulum
- appendicitis
- cholecystitis
- intestinal obstruction
31
Q
colectomy
A
sugrical removal of part or all of colon
32
Q
colostomy
A
surgial creation of opening from colon through abdominal wall
33
Q
enema
A
- injection of fluid into rectum and colon to induce BM
34
Q
fistula
A
abnormal or surgically made passage that forms between 2 internal organs or between two different parts of intestine
35
Q
lower GI parts
A
small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
large intetine: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colom, appendix
36
Q
mesentery
A
- fold of peritoneum that carries BVs and lymph glands, attaches various organs to abdominal wall
37
Q
paracentesis
A
removal of accumulated fluid from abdomen
38
Q
peristalsis
A
involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles of intestines which propel fluid
39
Q
polyps (colon)
A
small, non-cancerous growths on inner lining of colon
40
Q
stoma
A
artificial opening of intestine through abdominal wall
41
Q
varices
A
large, swollen veins tht develop in esophagus or stomach, often causing internal bleeding
