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npte - other systems > oncology > Flashcards

oncology Flashcards

1
Q

carcinoma

A
  • malignancy originating from epithelial cells of organs
  • ex: lung carcinoma subsets - large cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
  • most cx in US is carcinoma
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2
Q

general s/s of cancer

A

C - change in bowel/bladder
A - a sore that will not heal
U - unsual bleeding/discharge
T - thickening/lump develops
I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - obvious change in wart/mole
N - nagging cough/hoarseness
- unexplained weight loss, fatigue, anorexia, anemia, pain, weakness

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3
Q

cancer prevention

A
  • primary prevention: elimination of modifiable risk factors
  • secondary: early detection, preventatives
  • tertiary: prevent disability that can occur secondary to cx treatment
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4
Q

types of tissue and tumor

A
  • epithelium - carcinoma, adenocarcinoma: in skin, mucous membrane, lining of bladder
  • pigmented cells - malignant malenoma: moles
  • connective tissue - sarcomas: striated muscle, blood vessels, fat, bone
  • nerve tissues - astrocytoma, glioma, blastoma: brain, nerves, SC, retina
  • lymhoid tissue - lymphoma: lymph, spleen
  • hematopoietic - leukemia, myelodysplasia
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5
Q

TNM staging

A
  • T - primary tumor size and extent
  • N - lymph node involvement
  • M - metastasis presence
  • can correspond to stage designation that further defines severity
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6
Q

national cancer institue staging

A
  • stage 0: early melignancy, present only in layer of cells in which it began - not in all cancers
  • stage 1: malignancy limited to tissue of origin w/ no lymph node involvement or metastasis
  • stage 2: malignancy spreading into adjacent tissues, lymph nodes can show signs of micrometastases
  • stage 3: malignancy that has spread to adjacent tissue showing signs of fixation to deeper structures - high likelihood of lymph node involvement
  • stage 4: malignancy metastsaize beyond primary site, to bone or other organ
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7
Q

other staging

A
  • clinical - based on findings of a patient’s physical exam, lab values, imaging tests, biopsy
  • pathologic: based on tissue samples in surgery
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8
Q

bronchial carcinoma

A
  • any epithelial carcinoma occurring in bronchopulmonary tree
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9
Q

one of the most curable cancers

A

hodgkin lymphoma

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10
Q

skin cancers

A
  • basal cell carcinoma: slow growing, rarely metastazies; originates in epidermis, most common form; good prognosis
  • malignant melanoma: originates from malnocytes and can be superficial, nodular, acral; early diagnosis vital - metastasizes quickly; 100% curable with early diagnosis
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11
Q

leukemia

A
  • cancer of blood when leukocytes change into malignant cells
  • acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myelogneous leukemia
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12
Q

most common malignant tumor in children

A

neuroblastoma
- wilms’ tumor - embyonal neuroblastoma found in kidney btw 1-4 YO

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13
Q

anemia

A
  • low levels of hemoglobin or hematrocrit
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14
Q

thrombocytopenia

A
  • low platelet counts
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15
Q

neutropenia

A
  • neutrophil count below normal laboratry reference values placing patient at risk for serious infection
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16
Q

oncology treatment options

A
  • surgery
  • radiation - ionizing radiation or particle radiatoin
  • chemotherapy - group of drugs to destroy malignant cells; not for metastatic
  • biotherapy (immunotherapy) - uses agents to change relationship btw malignancy and host; stregnthen pt biological response to malignant cells
  • antiangiogenic therapy - use of thalidomide and suppression of blood supply formation
  • other pharm therapies: hormone therapy
  • palliative treatment - symptom management
17
Q

guidelines for patients undergoing cancer treatment

A
  • check physician orders fot pts with bone metastasis for WB status and mobility precautions
  • monitor blood values - platelet and hematocrit
  • exercise should be 40-65% of peak HR, heart rate reserve, VO2 max
  • RPE should not > 12
  • treatment visits should be scheduled for when pt E is max
  • treatment should be modified as needed to accommodate side effects
  • no massage or heat over irritated areas
18
Q

heat and electrotherapeutic modalities and cx

A
  • contraindicated for use over active malignancy but not necessarily contraindicated elsewhere on body d/t potential for facilitating growth
  • can be overlooked for pts with palliative goals or terminal illness
19
Q

alkylating agents

A
  • bind DNA strands together to prevent replication
  • mustargen, busulfex, leukeran
20
Q

antiobiotic agents

cancer

A
  • d/t high toxicity and ability to interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis and subsequent cell division
  • adriamycin, mithracin, cosmegen
21
Q

antimetabolite agents

cancer

A
  • impair biosynthesis of genetic material and interrupt cellcular pathways that synthesize DNA and RNA
  • create imposter to endogenous metabolites in body to form nonfunctional genetic production incapable of reproduction
  • esp used for rapidly dividing neoplastic cells
  • leustatin, adrucil, fludara, trxall
22
Q

biologic response modifier agents

A
  • interferons, interluekin 2, and monoclonal antibodies that are responsible for enhancing body’s own ability to respond to neoplastic growth
  • not cytotoxic but facilitate immune response to destroy malignant tissues
  • proleukin, avastin, intron A
23
Q

heavy metal compounds

cancer

A
  • platinum coodination complexes
  • act as alkylating agents that inhibit DNA translation and replication
24
Q

adjuvant

A
  • treatment provided in addition to other cure-focused interventions with intention of preventing cancer recurrence
25
Q

benign neoplasm

A
  • abnormal cell growth that is usually slow growing and harmless, closely resembling composition of adjacent tissues
26
Q

cancer

A
  • group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation with mutation and spreading of abnormal cells
27
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development of cells or tissues that is early sign of neoplasia

28
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number that may be normal or abnormal depending on additional characteristics

29
Q

metaplasia

A

change in cell from one type to another that may be normal or abnormal

30
Q

neoadjuvant

A

chemotherapy or radiation given prior to surgical oncology intervention

31
Q

tumor (neoplasm)

A
  • abnormal new growth of tissue that increases overall mass
  • benign or cancerous, primary (from cells that belong to area of tumor) or secondary (from metastasis)
32
Q

tumor classification

A
  • cell type, tissue of origin, amount of differentiation, benign vs malignant, anatomic site

npte - other systems (11 decks)

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