Pharmacology Flashcards
Cyclosporine/Ciclosporin side effects
Ocular stinging,burning (most common)
Halitosis and gingival hyperplasia,hypertension,hyperlipidemia,nephro,neuro and hepatotoxicity,inreased risk of squamous cell carcinoma
Most common ocular side effect of alpha 2 agonists-limiting usage?
Allergic conjunctivitis
Phases of drug metabolism
Phase 1-oxidation using Cyt P450
Phase 2-conjugation with glucuronate, glutamine and acetate groups-makes molecules more water soluble for excretion
MOA and side effects of Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Decrease aqueous production
Bitter taste, blurred vision, burning sensation,punctate keratopathy
MOA of Botox
Blocks presynaptic release of acetylcholine-by binding irreversibly
Botox taken up only by cholinergic nerve endings
Amiodarone ocular side effects
Cornea verticillata/vortex keratopathy
Optic neuropathy (AION)
Anterior sub capsular cataract
Reduced corneal sensation
Prednisone type of drug
cytostatic anti-inflammatory agent
Acetazolamide systemic side effects
Metabolic acidosis,Hypokalemia,hyponatremia,renal calculi, paresthesia of limbs,SJ syndrome
Average time to onset of action of botox
Average time-2-3 days
Peak effect at 2-3 weeks
Mechanism of action of Acyclovir
Inhibits DNA polymerase
Corneal crystalline deposits side effect of which fluoroquinolone?
Ciprofloxacin-induced corneal crystalline precipitates
Prolonged use of ciprofloxacin may cause corneal crystalline deposits. These are probably due to precipitation of drug, which requires low pH for solubility.
MOA cocaine
Indirectly acting adrenergic agonist-inhibits MAO reuptake at synapse
Local anesthetics penetrate tissue best when?
Local anesthetics are weak bases and penetrate tissue best when administered with an alkaline solution where a greater proportion is non ionised(lipophilic)
What is commonly added to penicillin to prevent its inactivation by beta-lactamase enzymes?
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor commonly added to amoxicillin (co-amoxiclav) to prevent its degradation by bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.
Drugs causing stellate anterior sub capsular cataract ?
Amiodarone,phenothiazine
Systemic toxicity caused by imidazole group of anti-fungals?
Hepatotoxicity,LFT should be monitored with long term therapy
Which medication is likely to increase the risk of myopathy in patients taking simvastatin?
Erythromycin,Clarithromycin
Anti T2DM medication known for development/exacerbation of cystoid macular oedema?
Rosiglitazone
Which medication acts on sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic ganglia?
Acetylcholine (miochol)
Short t1/2 but fast onset- can produce mitosis for 20mins during complicated cataract surgery
Which anti glaucoma meds are avoided in uveitis?
Prostaglandin analogues and miotics
Beta blockers-generally first line–can add alpha agonist/CAI if IOP not controlled
Side effects of Digoxin?
Xanthopsia (yellow-blue discolouration of vision), rarely photopsia, pain on eye movements
Medication that reduces lid retraction in TED?
Guanethidine-sympatholytic drug
Reduces release of catecholamines
Role of alpha 1 antagonist in cataract surgery ?
Alpha 1 antagonists like tamsulosin,alfuzocin,prazosin,terazocin,doxazocin lead to floppy iris
Effect of miotics/mydriatics on aqueous outflow?
Miotics-increase trabecular and decrease uveoscleral outflow
Mydriatics,cycloplegics,PGA,epinephrine increases uveoscleral outflow
