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AW > Clinical > Flashcards

Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

Level of hemorrhages in DR

A

Flame haemorrhages-NFL
Microaneurysms-INL/IPL
Dot and blot haemorrhages-inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers. Hard exudates and CMO- outer plexiform layer/ONL

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2
Q

What do Hassal Henle warts refer to?

A

Nodular mushroom shaped hyaline excrescences of DM seen on endothelium-initially seen peripherally then centrally as guttae in Fuch’s dystrophy

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3
Q

Most common stromal corneal dystrophy

A

Lattice Corneal Dystrophy f/b granular

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4
Q

Most common corneal dystrophy?

A

Fuch’s CED-with elderly female preponderance

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5
Q

Main route of dissemination in Retinoblastoma

A

Blood stream

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6
Q

Tensilon test for MG?

A

Edrophonium test-acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
2mg followed by 8 mg given IV to look for improvement in muscle fatigue

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7
Q

Microscopic sequence of events in DR

A

Loss of pericytes - proliferation of capillary endothelial cells- thickening of basement membrane- microvascular occlusion

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8
Q

Most common site for scleral rupture

A

Limbus (MC superonasal-contre coup to inferotemporal-most exposed quadrant)

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9
Q

Interpretation of tuberculin test

A

Induration of >15mm-strongly positive-active disease
Weakly positive-cannot differentiate between active disease/previous exposure

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10
Q

Decade of greatest progression of Keratoconus

A

Second decade

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11
Q

Most common antibody for SLE

A

ANA-anti dsDNA type

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12
Q

Risk factors for progression of ARMD according to AREDS

A

Positive family history,hyperopia,cigarette smoking,White race (vs. Blacks)

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13
Q

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis classically caused by?

A

Picornaviruses including the Coxsackie group A24 and enterovirus E70

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14
Q

GA drugs causing rise in IOP?

A

Trichloroethylene
Succinylcholine
Ketamine

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15
Q

Time of occurrence of LASIK flap folds?

A

50% and POD 1 ,90% within 1 week

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16
Q

Most common site for spontaneous/familial and traumatic retinal dialysis

A

Spontaneous-inferotemporal
Traumatic-superonasal(contre coup)

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17
Q

Most common inherited cause of retinal detachment/ MC cause of RRD in childhood?

A

Stickler syndrome

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18
Q

How to differentiate non ischemic vs ischemic CRVO on FFA?

A

Minimal capillary non perfusion vs extensive areas of capillary non perfusion

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19
Q

BSK and iron lines occur at which level of cornea ?

A

BSK-Bowmans membrane
Iron lines-Basal layer of epithelium

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20
Q

Gonioscopy lens used for indentation?

A

Smaller diameter lenses like Zeiss/Sussman
Used to differentiate between appositional and synechial angle closure
Larger lenses (Goldman) cannot be used-tend to make the angle shallow

21
Q

Cause of hard exudates?

A

Underperfusion of endothelium of deep capillaries leads to leakage of plasma into outer plexiform layer

22
Q

Direct Gonioscopy lenses?

A

Swan-Jacob,Barkan,Wurst,Richarson,Koeppe

23
Q

Indirect gonioscopy lenses?

A

Zeiss,Goldmann,Posner,Sussman

24
Q

Most common site for ocular malignant melanoma?

A

Choroid>Ciliary body>Iris

25
Q

Glaucomatous damage associated with which cells

A

Ganglion cells

26
Q

What is a giant retinal tear?

A

Extending >90 degrees/3 clock hours

27
Q

Layer responsible for petalloid appearance of CME?

A

Radiating fibres of Henle’s layer (outer plexiform layer)

28
Q

What kind of field defect would a anterior communicating artery aneurysm give?

A

Bi temporal inferior quadrantanopia
An anterior communicating artery aneurysm is most likely to compress the upper portion of the optic chiasm

29
Q

Thinnest part of ONH rim?

A

Temporal (ISNT)

30
Q

Visual field loss in papilledema?

A

Acute-enlarged blind spot
Chronic-extends into inferonasal quadrant

31
Q

What is commotion retinae?

A

Diffuse retinal oedema following blunt trauma due to transient retinal ischemia and disturbance of axoplasmic flow

32
Q

Is silicone oil effectively inert?

A

Silicone oil gives a low grade macrophage reaction after it is emulsified.

33
Q

Where should the main incision be placed to reduce corneal astigmatism during cataract surgery?

A

At the steepest meridian

34
Q

Main cells of granulomatous and non granulomatous KPs?

A

Granulomatous-macrophages
Non granulomatous-PMN leucocytes and lymphocytes

35
Q

Which metal produces a pyogenic response if retained within tissues?

A

Copper

36
Q

Cause of glaucoma post scleral buckling?

A

Secondary angle closure-blocked venous outflow-choroidal effusion-anterior rotation OR
Neovascular glaucoma- due to buckle induced ocular ishcemia
If no improvement with medical management-buckle needs to be repositioned or removed

37
Q

When is IOP highest?

A

Morning,maximum patients peak between 8am-12pm

38
Q

Keratopathy associated with excessive sunlight exposure

A

Labrador keratopathy-keratinoid particles of protein deposited in corneal stroma

39
Q

What is entoptic phenomenon?

A

Visual perception of structures of one’s own eyeball
eg:cells in the vitreous or through eyeball palpation. The edge of one’s pupil can be seen when a uniformly illuminated background is viewed through a pinhole.

40
Q

Rebeosis as a sequelae in CRAO vs CRVO?

A

CRAO-total infarction of inner retinal layers-no vasoactive factors released to drive neovascularization-therefore rubeosis is rare in <5% cases
Rubeosis seen in >50% cases of CRVO

41
Q

Most common location for retinal tear?

A

70% tears located between 10-2oclock

42
Q

Most important determinant of A constant?

A

Final lens position-large influence on effective lens power

43
Q

In young, healthy eyes, anterior segment ischemia becomes a concern after surgery on how many rectus muscles?

A

3
Two muscles may nearly always be safely removed. Removal of four muscles is certain to cause ischemia. Removal of three muscles is likely to lead to some degree of ischemia.

44
Q

Most common cause of VH in adult UK population?

A

Diabetic retinopathy (40-55%)

45
Q

Eyelid cyst associated with which drug?

A

Bortezomib ( proteosome inhibitor which is used to treat multiple myeloma)

46
Q

% of GCA cases leading to arterial occlusion?

A

2%

47
Q

What is a poor prognostic sign in a patient with NPDR?

A

IRMA-s/o significant ischemia of smaller arterioles–imminent precursor of neovascularization

48
Q

ETDRS 4-2-1 rule of severe NPDR?

A

4 quadrants of blot h’ages,2 quadrants of venous tortuosity, 1 quadrant of IRMA

AW (12 decks)

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