Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
What is a drug regimen?
A
the plan for administering a drug (i.e. - 20# Clavamox (62.5mg) 1 tab PO BID x 10 days)
2
Q
What does a drug regimen include?
A
route of administration, total amount given (dose), frequency of administration, duration of use
3
Q
What is the AVMA’s preferred way to disposed of unwanted drugs?
A
incineration
4
Q
Where does drug excretion occur?
A
liver and kidney (kidney most common)
5
Q
What is Pharmacokinetics?
A
the study of the bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
6
Q
What is a pharmacokinetic interaction?
A
absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion changed by another drug
7
Q
What is a pharmacodynamic interaction?
A
the action or effect of one drug is altered by another
8
Q
What is a pharmaceutic interaction?
A
physical or chemical reaction between drugs from mixing of drugs in syringe
9
Q
What is Therapeutic Index (LD50/ED50)?
A
relationship between drugs ability to achieve desired effect and tendency to cause toxic effects (expressed as a ratio), quantitates margin of safety
10
Q
What is a Class I controlled drug?
A
high potential for abuse/no medical application
11
Q
What is the Green Book?
A
list of all animal drug products that have been approved by the FDA for safety and effectiveness
12
Q
What is the process of making a new drugs?
A
preliminary trials, preclinical trials, clinical trials, submission of a new animal drug, final review by FDA, product monitoring
13
Q
What is an agonist?
A
high tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor
14
Q
What is an antagonist?
A
a drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor
15
Q
What is extra-label use?
A
use of a drug in a way not specified on the label
16
Q
Where does drug metabolism/biotransformation occur?
A
in the liver
17
Q
What is a trade name?
A
proprietary name of a drug
18
Q
What is the legal aspect of pharmacology?
A
veterinarian-client-patient relationship
19
Q
What is a suspension?
A
separates after sitting, shake well
20
Q
What is a bolus?
A
large pill used in large animals
21
Q
What is an elixir?
A
hydroalcoholic liquid with sweeteners, flavoring, and medication
22
Q
What is a liniment?
A
preparations for use on skin as a counterirritant or to relieve pain
23
Q
What are the six rights of drug administration?
A
right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time/frequency, right documentation
24
Q
Which route of injection has the slowest onset of action (IM, IV, SQ)?
A
SQ
25
What antagonist drug reverses opioid toxicity?
Naloxone
26
Which drugs are reversal agents?
Yohimbine, Naloxone, Atipamezole
27
What are the 4 categories of bronchodilators?
cholinergic blockers, antihistamines, beta-2 adrenergic agonist, methylxanthines
28
What are some examples of beta-2 adrenergic agonists?
epinephrine, albuterol, clenbuterol (both commonly used), and terbutaline (common)
29
What are some forms of methylxanthines?
theophylline and aminophylline
30
What are some forms of antihistamines?
diphenhydramine (benadryl), hydroxyzine, cyprohepatadine, cetirizine (xyrtec)
31
What drug is given to neonates to stimulate breathing?
Doxapram
32
Which drugs fall under the antitussive group?
Butorphanol, Hydrocodone, Codeine, Dextromethorphan, Temaril-P
33
What are the major side effect of corticosteroids?
PU/PD, panting, polyphagia, immunosuppression
34
What is the most common drug group used to treat feline asthma?
corticosteroids
35
What are some forms of corticosteroids?
prednisolone, prednisone, beclomethasone, fluticasone propionate (FLOVENT), triamcinolone
36
What drug is an antitussive and steroid?
Temaril-P
37
What does epinephrine treat in high doses?
cardiac arrest
38
What does epinephrine treat in low doses?
anaphylactic shock
39
What diseases do corticosteroids primarily treat?
equine heaves, feline asthma, allergic pneumonia
40
Why are inhaled steroids safer?
provides strong anti-inflammatory with fewer systemic side effects
41
Are most antitussive peripheral or central acting?
central
42
What drug group chemically alters mucous?
Mucolytics
43
What drug groups is used for productive coughs?
Expectorants
44
What skeletal drug is use as a muscle relaxer in horses?
Guaifenesin
45
What drug group is used to treat Heaves (horses)?
corticosteroids
46
What properties does Dextromethorphan not have that differentiates it from codeine?
no analgesia (pain control) or addictive properties so it is not controlled
47
What is preload stroke volume?
amount of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole
48
What is afterload stroke volume?
resistance that must be overcome to pump blood to body
49
What is the function of positive inotropes?
improves the strength of contraction even in face of disease
50
What are some forms of ACE inhibitors?
Enalapril and Benazepril
51
What drugs fall under the positive inotropes group?
cardiac glycosides, catecholamines, and inotropic mixed dilators
52
What are some forms of Beta Blockers?
Propanolol, Atenolol
53
What are some forms of vasodilator drugs?
hydralazine, nitroglycerin ointment, prazosin, ACE inhibitors
54
What are some forms of catecholamines?
epinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine
(C.E.I.D.D - cats eat iced dunkin donuts)
55
What are some forms of cardiac glycosides?
Digoxin
56
Which two drugs should never be combined when treating arrhythmias?
lidocaine and epinephrine
57
What effects do beta blockers have? How do they affect the heart?
decrease heart rate and blood pressure
58
What is Pimobendan used to treat?
atrioventricular valve insufficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy
59
What effects do ACE inhibitors have? How do they affect preload and afterload?
decrease blood pressure, reduce preload and afterload
60
What are some side effects of Furosemide?
hypokalemia (low blood potassium)
61
What drug is commonly used to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Propranolol, Diltiazem
62
What does Nitroglycerin do? How is it applied?
reduces preload, improves cardiac output, reduce associated pulmonary edema
applied topically
63
What does Lidocaine do?
control VPC’s, treats ventricular tachycardia
64
What drug treats tachycardia in hyperthyroidism and is a class II antiarrhythmic?
Propranolol
65
What drug most commonly has drug levels monitored (cardiac drugs)?
Digoxin
66
What drugs must be applied using gloves?
Nitroglycerin ointment
67
What does Epinephrine treat?
anaphylactic shock
68
Furosemide is what kind of diuretic?
Loop diuretic
69
Methazolamide is in what group of diuretics?
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
70
Mannitol is what kind of diuretic?
Osmotic Diuretic
71
What diuretic spares potassium?
Spironolactone
72
Which drug is a urinary acidifier and is used to manage urinary stones?
Ammonium chloride
73
Diltiazem is what kind of drug?
Calcium Channel Blockers
74
What kind of diuretic works by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of sodium?
Furosemide
75
Which drug is a urinary acidifier?
Potassium citrate
76
What drug is commonly used for the treat of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats?
Diltiazem
77
What drugs works by preventing conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
ACE inhibitors
78
Hypokalemia is an adverse effect of what drug?
Furosemide
79
What drug increases the tone of the urethral sphincter?
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
80
What can Mannitol be used to treat?
reduce intraocular pressure, reduce intracranial pressure, oliguric (low urine production) renal failure
81
Allopurinol can be used to manage what condition, common in Dalmatians?
urate uroliths
82
Where does Spironolactone work?
works in the late distal tubule and collecting duct
83
What condition is Furosemide commonly used to treat?
management of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema
84
What can Prazosin be used to treat?
treatment of urinary retention due to detrusor arelexia
85
Amlodipine is used to treat what condition?
feline hypertension
86
What drugs are commonly used to treat hormonal urinary incontinence?
diethylstilbestrol (DES), Estriol (Incurin)
87
What drug is used in kidney failure treatment to increase red blood cell production?
Epoetin Alpha
88
What are the side effects of Alpha-2 agonists?
bradycardia
89
What is the reversal agent for Xylazine?
Yohimbine
90
What drug is often combined with Diazepam to induce anesthesia?
Ketamine
91
What effects does epinephrine have on the body?
constriction of blood vessels in the skin, dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle, dilation of bronchioles
92
What drugs does Atipamezole reverse?
Medetomidine, Detomidine, Dexmedetomidine
93
What breed should Thiobarbiturates not be given to or should be used cautiously in?
sighthounds
94
Which drug is most likely to NOT be used in young stallions?
Acepromazine
95
What are the forms of Anticholinergic drugs?
Atropine, Glycopyrrolate, Propantheline, Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
96
What adrenergic agent is used to treat urinary incontinence?
Phenylpropanolamine
97
What are Dopamine and Dobutamine used to treat?
congestive heart failure
98
Are Dobutamine and Dopamine sympathomimetic or parasympathomimetic?
sympathomimetic
99
What are the side effects of Acepromazine?
hypotension, lowers seizure threshold in epileptic animals, penile priapism in young stallions
100
What are some forms of Benzodiazepine tranquilizers?
Diazepam (Valium), Midazolam, Alprazolam (Xanax)
101
What medication is used to diagnose Myasthenia gravis?
Edrophonium
102
What are Anticholinergic drugs used to treat?
drying of secretions and prevention of bradycardia before anesthesia, dilation of pupils, relief of ciliary spasms
103
What are the forms of Barbiturates?
Phenobarbital, Pentobarbital, Thiopental
104
What is a form of long acting Barbiturate?
Phenobarbital
105
What is a form of short acting Barbiturate?
Pentobarbital
106
What is a form of ultra-short acting Barbiturate?
Thiopental
107
What drug is used as a euthanasia agent?
Pentobarbital
108
What are the side effects of Ketamine?
ataxia, hyperresponsiveness, hallucinations
109
A Phenothiazine tranquilizer is contraindicated in animals with what condition?
epilepsy
110
What drugs are Alpha-2 Agonists?
Xylazine, Detomidine, Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine, Romifidine
111
What are the effects of Anticholinergics?
block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors
112
Xylazine has what type of effects?
sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxing properties
113
What does Clomipramine treat?
anxiety
114
Phenobarbital is an ____________.
anticonvulsant
115
What drug helps to stimulate respirations?
Doxapram
116
What inhaled anesthetic is used in high-risk patients?
Sevoflurane
117
What drugs treats canine cognitive dysfunction?
Selegiline
118
What are some forms of Dissociatives?
Ketamine, Tiletamine
119
What are some forms of Opioid Agonists?
Morphine, Oxymorphone, Butorphanol Tartrate, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Apomorphine, Codeine, Buprenorphine
120
What are some forms of Opioid Antagonists?
Naloxone
121
What drug is used to help prevent and control seizures that can have the adverse side effect of liver toxicity?
Phenobarbital
122
What narcotic opioid can be given as a transdermal patch?
Fentanyl
123
Do inhaled anesthetic like Isoflurane have high or low biotransformation rates?
low biotransformation rate
124
Apnea is the main side of what anesthetic drug?
Propofol
125
What drugs are used to prevent and control seizures?
Diazepam (Valium), Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, Bromide, Gabapentin, Levetiracetam (Keppra), Zonisamide
126
What drugs are inhaled anesthetics?
Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Halothane, Methoxyflurane
127
Clomipramine (Clomicalm) is what type of antidepressant?
Tricyclic Antidepressants
128
What drugs fall under the serotonin reuptake inhibitors group?
Fluoxetine, Reconcile, Trazodone, Selegiline, Dexmedetomidine oromucosal gel, Gabapentin
129
What is Pralidoxime used in the treatment of?
treats organophosphate toxicity
130
What drug is used to dilate pupils and treat ciliary spasms?
Anticholinergic drugs
131
What anticonvulsant drug also causes appetite stimulation in cats?
Benzodiazepines
132
What properties does Butorphanol have?
antitussive properties
133
What is Dexmedetomidine oromucosal gel used for?
used for noise aversions
134
What is Guaifenesin used for?
skeletal muscle relaxant used primarily in equine medicine to induce anesthesia, extend anesthesia of another injectable or enhance muscle relaxation of anesthetized patients
135
How does Trazodone work?
causes serotonin to remain in brainstem decreasing anxiety
136
What medication is given in emergency situations to stop seizures?
Diazepam (Valium)
137
What medication is converted to Phenobarbital by the liver which accounts for it’s anticonvulsant activity?
Primidone
138
What are Zonisamide and Levetiracetam (Keppra) used for the treatment of?
seizures
139
Why would Atropine be used cautiously in horses?
colic
140
Which medication do we worry about binding to plastic inside a syringe?
Diazepam
141
What are the clinical uses for Oxytocin?
augment the force of uterine contractions during delivery (dystocia), aid in delivery of placenta, induce milk letdown
142
What are the uses for Prostaglandins?
promote uterine contractions so can induce parturition or abortion
143
What are the uses for corticosteroids?
mimic natural rise in corticosteroids by the fetus as the time for delivery draws near and thus could induce parturition
144
What are the uses for Melatonin?
Alopecia in dogs, improve breeding/ovulation in sheep and goats
145
What are the uses for Metergoline?
treats false pregnancy in dogs
146
What are the uses for Neutersol?
can be injected directly into testicles of puppies to cause permanent sterility; does NOT eliminate testosterone
147
What is Feliway?
feline facial hormone; stopping or preventing urinary markings by cats, comforts the cat in unknown stressful environments
148
What is D.A.P.?
dog appeasing pheromone; calms dogs during stressing situations
149
Hypothyroidism occurs in _______.
dogs
150
Hyperthyroidism occurs in ______.
cats
151
What drug is used to treat hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine Sodium (T4)
152
What is Liothyronine Sodium (T3)?
treatment of hypothyroidism if not responsive to Levothyroxine
153
What are thyroid-stimulating hormones?
used as an aid to diagnose hypothyroidism
154
What drug is used to treat hyperthyroidism?
Methimazole
155
What is a form of Methimazole?
Felimazole
156
What is Radioactive Iodine (I-131)?
treats hyperthyroidism
157
How is Radioactive Iodine used?
given IV and absorbed and destroys over-productive thyroid tissue
158
What are the uses for Mitotane?
used to treat PDH
159
What is a form of Mitotane?
Lysodren
160
What does Trilostane inhibit?
inhibits adrenal steroid synthesis
161
What are the uses for Trilostane?
used to treat Cushing’s (Hyperadrenocorticism)
162
What is a form of Trilostane?
Vetoryl
163
What is Addison’s (hypoadrenocorticism)?
low/no cortisol production (steroid production)
164
What are some treatments for Addison’s?
Prednisone, Deoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP), Fludrocortisone
165
What type of diabetes is insulin dependent?
Type I Diabetes
166
What type of diabetes is non-insulin dependent?
Type II Diabetes
167
What type of diabetes is common in dogs?
Type I
168
What type of diabetes is common is cats?
Type II
169
What are some clinical signs of diabetes?
PU/PD, weight loss
170
What are some forms of regular insulin?
Humulin R, Novolin R
171
What types of insulins are short acting?
regular insulin
172
What are short acting insulins used for?
emergency treatment of DKA
173
What are intermediate acting insulins used for?
long-term management of diabetes
174
What are some forms of intermediate acting insulins?
Humulin-N, Novolin-N, Prozinc, Vetsulin
175
What types of insulin are long acting?
Glargine (cats), Detemir
176
What are long acting insulins used for?
long term treatment of diabetes
177
What are some forms of Glargine and Detemir?
Lantus and Levemir
178
What are the clinical uses for Gondorelin (GnRH)?
treats cystic ovaries in dairy cattle
179
What are the clinical uses for Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)?
cystic ovaries in dairy cattle, infertility caused by low testosterone
180
What are the clinical uses for Gonadotropins?
superovulation, out of season breeding
181
What is Estrogen used for in cattle?
persistent corpus luteum, expel purulent material from uterus, promote weight gain
182
What is Estrogen used for in dogs?
control urinary incontinence
183
What is Estrogen used for in horses?
induction of estrus in non-breeding season
184
What are some forms of Estrogen?
Estradiol (Incurin), Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
185
What are some side effects of Estrogen?
severe anemia
186
Is Estrogen used in males or females?
females
187
Are Androgens mainly used in males or females?
males
188
What are some forms of Androgens?
Methyltestosterone, Testosterone Cypionate, Testosterone Enanthate, Testosterone Propionate, Milberone
189
What are some uses for Androgens?
urinary incontinence in male dogs
190
Which Androgen can be used in femlaes?
Milberone
191
What are some uses for Milberone?
prevention of estrus in dogs, treatment of false pregnancy
192
What are some side effects of Milberone?
clitoral hypertrophy, vulvovaginitis, increased body odor
193
What are some clinical uses for Progestins in dogs?
control estrus, false pregnancies, prevent vaginal hyperplasia, treat severe galactorrhea, control unacceptable male behavior
194
What are some clinical uses for Progestin in cats?
dermatologic and behavioral problems and suppression of estrus
195
What are some side effects of Progestins?
hyperglycemia
196
What drugs fall under the Progestin group?
Megestrol Acetate, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA), Altrenogest, Norgestomet, Melengestrol Acetate
197
What are some uses for Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA)?
treatment of behavioral problems, treatment of certain dermatologic conditions
198
What are some forms of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA)?
Depo-Provera
199
What is Altrenogest?
oral progestin for horses and swine to suppress estrus in mares and gilts
200
What is Norgestomet?
used to synchronize estrus in cattle (synchro-mate B)
201
What are some uses for Dinoprost Tromethamine?
abortion producing agent in dogs/cats
202
What are some forms of Dinoprost Tromethamine?
Lutalyse
203
What are some side effects of Dinoprost Tromethamine?
sweating, abdominal pain, dyspnea and panting, tachycardia
204
What are some uses for Cloprostenol Sodium in cattle?
treatment of mummified fetuses, termination of pregnancy, estrus synchronization
205
What is Bovine Somatotropin?
growth hormone
206
What does Bovine Somatotropin do?
increases growth rate in bovine, increases milk production
