Pharmacology

Question 1

What is Molarity

Answer 1

Is the number of moles of a drug present in 1L of solvent expressed as mol/L or M(molar)

Question 2

What is pharmacology

Answer 2

What drugs do to a living organism and how they do it

Question 3

How to measure the interaction ligand-receptor
Affinity

Answer 3

Affinity indicates how tight is the bond ligand-receptor , can generate a saturation curve to study the affinity of a ligand for its receptor

Question 4

How is affinity determined

Answer 4

By measuring the proportions of receptor-ligand complexes formed compared to the total number of receptors (%)at different ligand concentrations

Question 5

What is Bmax in a saturation curve

Answer 5

Maximum binding (all receptors are occupied/bound to a ligand)

Question 6

What is Kd in saturation curve

Answer 6

Affinity of the ligand for its receptor
At 50%

Question 7

What are saturation curves

Answer 7

A study of how tightly a ligand binds to a receptor

Question 8

Efficacy

Answer 8

Efficacy is the ability of the ligand, following its binding to the receptor, to induce a biological response via receptor activation

Question 9

What is intrinsic activity

Answer 9

Amplitude of the response how big is the response

Question 10

What is ECmax

Answer 10

Drug dose or concentration that causes maximum effect/response

Question 11

What is potency (EC50)

Answer 11

It is a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount of drug required to produce an effect of given intensity (50% of Emac)

Question 12

What is EC50

Answer 12

Drug dose or concentration that causes 50% of maximum effect (Emax)

Question 13

What are the two types of ligand

Answer 13

Agonist and antagonist

Question 14

What is a agonist ligand

Answer 14

Has affinity for its receptor and causes its activation upon binding leading to a response

Question 15

What is a antagonist ligand

Answer 15

An antagonist has affinity for its receptor but it can not activate it upon binding there is no response

Question 16

What happens when antagonist and agonist ligands compete

Answer 16

Compete for the same binding site on the receptor
Overall, the response measured is smaller or absent

Question 17

What are the different levels effects of drugs can be measured

Answer 17

Molecular level (eg receptor shape change)
Cellular level (eg, cell proliferation or secretion of hormone by cell)
Organ level (eg gut contraction)
Body level. (Eg anxiety ,depression)

Question 18

Medicine side effects or undesirable effects

Answer 18

Toxicity drugs always have a level of toxicity is a promblem in pharmaceutical industry