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USMLE Step 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Allopurinol

A

Purine analog that inhibits PRPP amidotransferase.

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2
Q

6-mercaptopurine

A

Purine analog that inhibits PRPP amidotransferase.

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3
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase

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4
Q

5-Fluorouracil

A

Inhibits thymidylate synthase

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5
Q

Methotrexate

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Used in Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcomas.

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6
Q

Pyrimethamine

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

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7
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Antimetabolite that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. Often used in combo with sulfonamides, e.g. sulfamethoxazole) to sequentially block folate synthesis

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8
Q

Quinolone antibiotics

A

Inhibit bacterial topoisomerase IV

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9
Q

Rifampicin

A

Binds B subunit of RNA polymerase and inhibits initiation of RNA synth. Notably lipophilic thus readily crosses BBB.

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10
Q

Actinomycin D

A

Binds DNA and prevents RNA polym from moving along template. Originally used as antibiotic but now as chemo for gestational trophoblastic tumors, Wilms’ tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma

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11
Q

Abx that inhibit 30s subunit

A

Aminoglycosides, tetracycline

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12
Q

Abx that inhibit 50s subunit

A

Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin

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13
Q

Tetracycline

A

Prevents initiation since charged tRNA cannot bind ribosome

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14
Q

Streptomycin

A

Prevents initiation since code is misread

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15
Q

Erythromycin

A

Inhibits translocation

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16
Q

Disulfiram

A

Inhibits conversion of aldehyde to acetic acid (in alcohol metabolism) so meant to stop alcoholics from drinking since they feel like crap

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17
Q

Ethanol

A

Antidote to methanol poisoning. Competitively inhibits ADH by binding to active site thus preventing enzyme from binding to methanol. Prevents further accumulation of formic acid and formaldehyde by favoring conversion to acetaldehyde.

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18
Q

Disulfiram effect

A

I.e. same effect with other medications.

Metronidazole, tolbutamide, cefoperazone, cefotetan

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19
Q

Cardiac glycosides

A

Bind and inhibit Na-K-ATPase by competing for sites on extracellular side. Results in increased cardiac contractility through Ca-dependent mechanism

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20
Q

Melatonin

A

Can treat circadian rhythm disorders like jet lag

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21
Q

Sildenafil citrate

A

Aka viagra. Selective inhibitor or the phosphodiesterase that prolongs the effects of NO

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22
Q

Orlistat

A

Inhibits pancreatic lipase thus prevents absorption of dietary fat. As result–> steatorrhea.

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23
Q

Fibrates

A

Class of lipid-lowering drugs that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a (PPAR-a) causing increase in LPL activity. Decrease blood TG but little effect on plasma cholesterol levels

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24
Q

Drugs that lower cholesterol

A

Resins and ezetimibe

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25
Drugs that lower TG
Fibrates
26
Drugs that lower cholesterol and TG
Niacin and statins (esp atorvastatin)
27
Niacin
Lowers TG and chol by inhibiting VLDL secretion
28
Terbinafine
Antifungal. Inhibits conversion of squalene to lanosterol in fungi. Esp useful for onychomycosis.
29
Imidazole and triazle antifungals
Inhibit conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol in fungi. Cytochrome p450 inhibitors.
30
Urodeoxycholate
Used in tx of radiolucent gallstones. Solubilizes cholesterol and inhibits its production. However cholecystectomy preferred tx so used in poor surgical candidates
31
Corticosteroids
Block PLA2 and interrupt COX synthesis
32
Zileuton
Blocks lipoxygenase
33
Zafirlukast
Blocks leukotriene receptors
34
Montelukast
Blocks leukotriene receptors
35
Indomethacin
COX inhibitor. Closes PDAs
36
Most commonly known P450 inducers
Carbamazepine, phenytoin, barbiturates, alcohol, griseofulvin, rifampicin
37
Treatment of lead poisoning
EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer
38
Deferoxamine
Iron chelator
39
Chemo-alkylating agents
Cisplatin, carboplatin
40
imatinib mesylate
Specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase domain in abl and c-kit; useful in CML
41
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)
Introduces mutations by transferrinh methyl groups to DNA nucleotide bases. Do not cause cell death so not used as chemo
42
Ribavirin
RSV (resp synctial virus)
43
Foscarnet
CMV retinitis
44
Acyclovir
HSV1, HSV2, VZV, EBV. | Inhibits viral DNA polymerase
45
Amantidine
Influenza A
46
Reserpine
Minimizes motor abnormalities in Huntingtons.
47
Side effects amiodarone
Pulm fibrosis (restrictive), interstitial pneumonitis, photosensitivity, thyroid disorders, GI disturbances
48
Cholestyramine
Bile acid resin. Decreases serum TGs and chol
49
Thiazide diuretics
Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in early distal tubule. Increased Na delivery to principal cells of late DCT causes increased Na reabsorption and an increase in K secretion to maintain electroneutrality. (Note not K+ sparing.) Limit Ca loss
50
Amiloride
K+ sparing diuretic. Acits on Na channels of collecting duct to prevent its reabsorption and thus K+ secretion
51
Ketorolac
NSAID
52
Diphenhydramine
H1 antag. Tx-allergic rxns, motion sickness, dystonic rxns. May cause sedation, anticholinergic effects, anti-alpha-adrenergic effects
53
Lithium, demeclocycline
ADH antags, act along collecting tubule
54
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
act in PCT
55
Osmotic diuretics
Act in loop, PCT, collecting duct
56
Loop diuretic toxicity
metabolic alklalosis
57
Important side effect statins
Rhabdomyolysis
58
Acetazolamide
Helps with acute mtn sickness by causing metabolic acidosis....increased breathing drive and higher O2 levels in body
59
NSAID toxicity
Acute interstitial nephritis
60
Urinary flow rate
GFR*[inulin]plasma/[insulin]urinary
61
Km
inversely proportional to the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate
62
Vancomycin
Only Gram +ve. Resistance-precents vanco from binding by mutating terminal aa in microorganism's cell wall
63
Resistance to macrolides
Through methyltion of its rRNA at ribo binding site
64
Tx for neurocysticerosis
Albendazole
65
Reserpine
Minimizes motor abnormalities in Huntingtons
66
Penacillamine
Chelating agent for Cu
67
Prochlorperazine
Acts on area postrema of medulla (CTZ)
68
Bismuth
Triple therapy in H pylori
69
Ranitidine
Mild reflux
70
Sulcrafate
Coats gastric mucosa
71
Unfractionated heparin
DVT/PE. Catalyzes activation antithrombin III, decreases available thrombin, inhibits factor Xa. Monitor with PTT.
72
PTT
Intrinsic pathway
73
Bleeding time
Measures platelet fn. If bad, think von Willebrand.
74
INR
Measures PT. Extrinsic. Warfarin.
75
LWMH
$$$. No need to monitor.
76
Trastuzumab
Ab to HER-2. Binds to EC domain
77
All-trans retinoic acid
acute promyelocytic leukemia
78
Imantinib mesylate
CML
79
Methotrexate
Folic acid analog Specific for S phase of cell cycle. Can cause myelosuppression. Reversed with leucovorin.
80
Rituximab
non-Hodgkins lymphoma
81
Cyclosporine
Immunosuppressant. -IL-2. Blocks differentiation and activation T-lymphos. Metab by p450
82
P450 inhibitors
``` Macrolides Amiodarone Grapefruit juice Isoniazid Cimetidine Ritonavir Acute alcohol abuse Ketoconazole Sulfonamides ```
83
Drugs for Hodgkins
Adriamycin (doxorubicin) Bleomycin Vinblastine Dacarbazine
84
Hydroxyurea
Sickle cell. Antimetabolite.
85
TB drugs
Rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin
86
Abciximab
IIb/IIIa inhib-prevents fibrinogen from binding, interferes with platelet agg
87
Clopidogrel
ADP inhibitor which is involved in binding of fibrinogen to platelets
88
Selegiline
MAOB inhib. Increases Da availability. PD.
89
Artesunate
Treats p. falciparum infection
90
Platelet phsopholipids
Intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways.
91
Bleomycin toxicity
Pulmonary fibrosis, pigmentation
92
Aminocaproic acid
Reverses tPA. Blocks plasminogen-->plasminogen
93
Recomb factor VIII
Hemophilia A
94
Vit k
Cofactors for epoxide reductase....II, VII, IX, X. Warfarin reversal.
95
Prednisone SE
Glucocorticoid psychosis
96
Vincristine SE
Areflexia, peripheral neuritis
97
Imantinib
CML
98
Bisphosphonates
Bind to hydroxyapatite and inhibit osteoclast mediated resorption
99
Isoniazid
TB exposure prophylaxis, decreases synth mycolic acids.
100
Treatment for syphilis
Penicillin
101
P450 Inducers
``` Quinidine Barbiturates St John's wort Phenytoin Rifampicin Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Chronic alcohol use ```

USMLE Step 1 (15 decks)

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