Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USMLE Step 1 > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

1
Q

Cross sectional study

A

collects data at particular point in time from group of people o assess freq of disease and related risk factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Case control study

A

Compares group of people with disease/condition with group that does not. Purpose is to determine risk factors. Retrospective. Good for rare diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cohort study

A

Examines large group and watches it evolve over time based on different exposures. Prospective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of Bias

A

Confounding, Sampling, Recall, Selection, Late-Look

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Confounding bias

A

Variable closely related to another. E.g. people who drink coffee more likely to have certain types of cancer. (Confounder–people who drink coffee are more likely to smoke.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sampling bias

A

Sample of people chosen for study not representative. (E.g. study that only looks at men or healthy patients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Recall bias

A

When people asked to recall information, might be basied based on new knowledge, e.g. if they were told they were on the placebo, less likely to say they felt a difference.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Selection bias

A

Investigators chose how to group participants for purpose of study. E.g. disproportionately assigning patients with more severe disease the experimental treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Late-look bias

A

Results recorded at wrong time, skewing outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main ways to reduce bias

A

Blinding and randomization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensitivity

A

How often the test will detect the presence of the disease in people who truly have the disease, i.e. how reliable it is in identifying people who have the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specificity

A

How often the test will detect the absence of a disease in those who do not have the disease, i.e. how well it identifies disease-free individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Likelihood that a positive test result truly means that the patient has the condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Likelihood that a negative test result truly means that a patient does not have a given condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Absolute risk

A

Likelihood of outcome over time without comparison to another group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Attributable risk

A

How much risk is actually due to the condition being studied. Attrib risk=Absolute risk (if exposed)-Absolute risk (not exposed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Relative risk

A

Comparison of risks between two different conditions or groups of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Odds ratio

A

Probablility of event happening/probability of event not occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Precision

A

Reproducibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a measurement is to the true value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Systematic error

A

Errors that occur the same way every time a measurement is taken. Precise, but not accurate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Random error

A

Unavoidable. Different each time a measurement is taken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Positive skew

A

Tail on right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Type I error

A

False positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Type II error

A

False negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Power

A

Probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is in fact false.

27
Q

T-test

A

Compares means of two groups to see if a difference exists

28
Q

ANOVA

A

Determines statistical difference between means of three or more groups

29
Q

Chi-squared

A

Determines statistical difference btween two or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes (not mean values)

30
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Between 1 and -1. Indicates strength and direction of a linear relationship between 2+ different and independent variables.

31
Q

Secondary disease prevention

A

Seeks to detect disease early in course before clinically apparent. E.g. cervical cancer screening. Screening tests usually very sensitive.

32
Q

Tertiary disease prevention

A

Aims to reduce disability or morbidity from a disease

33
Q

Reportable infectious diseases

A

Hep B, hep A, salmonella, shigella, syphilis, measles, mumps, AIDS, rubella, TB, chicken pox, gonorrhea

34
Q

Leading causes of death-infants

A

Congenital abnormalities, short gestation/low birth weight, SIDS, maternal complications, RDS

35
Q

Leading causes of death-ages 1-14

A

Injuries, cancer, congenital abnormalities, homicide, heart disease

36
Q

Leading causes of death-ages 15-24

A

Injuries, homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease

37
Q

Leading causes of death-25-64

A

Cancer, heart disease, injuries, suicide, stroke

38
Q

Leading causes of death-ages 65+

A

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, pneumonia, influenza

39
Q

Medicare Part A

A

Covers certain costs for hospitalization, skilled nursing facilities, home health care, hospice care. Requires monthly premium. Available for >65 Y.O.A. or those with chronic renal disease and in need of dialysis or transplantation or those who are disabled.

40
Q

Medicare Part B

A

Available for patients who elect to pay a separate monthly premium. Covers medical expenses for physician services, physical/occupational/speech therapy, med equipment, diagnostic tests, preventive care. Outpatient meds and eye, hearing, dental not covered.

41
Q

Medicare Part D

A

Administered by private insurance companies to cover prescription drugs. Only for those who are eligible for A or B.

42
Q

Medicaid

A

State-sponsored but feds pay 50-80%. Hopsital fees, physician services, lab services, radiographs, prenatal care, preventive care, nursing home care, home health services.

43
Q

Autonomy

A

People have the right to accept/refuse treatments. Can be breached if pt is infected with highly infectious and dangerous disease, greatly impaired decision-making capacity, autonomy legally waived by US gov’t (e.g. epidemics). Also does not count if emergency when pt is unconscious and action needs to be taken before consent may be obtained.

44
Q

Informed consent

A

Voluntarily chooses to seek treatment and has capacity, receives full objective disclosure, idea where pt and physician are able to engage in conversation which negotiation and conflict resolution of differences are welcomed to enhance patient autonomy

45
Q

Autonomy-fetus

A

Pregnant women can refuse tx for fetus but cannot refuse life-saving tx once child is born

46
Q

Types of advance directives

A

Living will, medical durable power of attorney

47
Q

Exceptions to confidentiality

A
  1. Indicates may harm self or someone else
  2. Child abuse or elder abuse. (Spousal abuse laws vary by state)
  3. Infectious diseases that pose significant health hazards…also “contact tracing” i.e. notification of individuals at risk, e.g. partner of someone recently dx’d with HIV
  4. Patients driving under the influence
  5. protection of individuals at risk for some harm that cannot be accomplished by some other means other than breaking confidentiality
  6. Cases in which there is a reasonable change that by breaking confidentiality the physician may be able to prevent some sort of harm
48
Q

Tarasoff case

A

Highlighted limits of confidentiality. (Jealous lover confessed he was going to kill flirtatious gf and therpaist said nothing due to confidentiality. So the boy did kill his girlfriend, whose family then sued the University for not preventing her death)

49
Q

Malpractice

A

Due to negligence, malfeasance, nonfeasance by physician or direct subordinate that has caused some type of harm to patient. Four Ds of malpractice: Duty (physician accepts duty to patient), Derelection, Damage, Direct

50
Q

Apgar Scoring

A

Appearance (0-cyanotic 1-cyanotic extremities 2-normal)
Pulse (0-Absent 1-100)
Grimace-reflex irritability/response to simulation (0-no response 1-grimace 2-grimace and cough, pull away and/or sneeze)
Activity-muscle tone (0-none 1-weak, irregular 2-strong, regular)

8-10 normal (perfect 10 not usually given)
4-7 some resuscitation may be needed
0-3 immediate resuscitation necessary. Low score usually related to inadequate ventilation as opposed to cardiac pathology.

51
Q

Low birth weight

A

<2500g. Caused by premature birth or intrauterine growth restriction.

52
Q

Risks of low birth weight

A 
Sepsis
Infant resp distress syndrome (aka hyaline membrane disease)
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Persistent pulmonary hypertension
53
Q

Premature birth

A

Before 37 weeks

54
Q

Newborn reflexes

A

Moro (spreads and unspreads arms when startled).
Babinski
Palmar
Rooting

55
Q

Normal changes in aging

A

Sexual changes (Men-slower erection and ejaculation, longer refractory period; women-vaginal shortening, thinning, and dryness)
Sleep pattern changes-decreased REM and slow wave sleep, increased sleep latency
Increased frequency of certain medical conditions
Psychiatric problems common
Higher suicide rate
Thinking becomes less theoretical and more practical

56
Q

Stages of Grief

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Despair/Depression, Acceptance

57
Q

IQ-mild retardation

A

55-69

58
Q

IQ-moderate retardation

A

40-55

59
Q

IQ-severe retardation

A

25-40

60
Q

IQ-profound retardation

A

<25

61
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Reinforcements (pos or neg) or punishments (pos or neg)

62
Q

Mature Defense Mechanisms

A

Altruism, humor, sublimation, suppression

63
Q

Immature Defense Mechanisms

A

Acting out, dissociation, denial, displacement, fixation, identification, intellectualization, isolation, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, splitting

USMLE Step 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions