Pharmacology Flashcards
What are the 2 routes of administration of a drug?
Systemic and local
What are the 2 branches of systemic administration of a drug?
Enteral (GI tract) and Parenteral (not GI tract)
What are the different types of local routes of administration?
Topical e.g. topical steroid creams for eczema
Intranasal
Eye drops
Inhalation - can also be systemic depending on drug e.g. salbutamol only affects airways but anaesthetic drug sevoflurane is also given by inhalation but has systemic effects)
Transdermal - can also be systemic depending on drug
What is systemic administration of a drug?
Covers the whole system
What is local administration of a drug?
Targets a specific area of pathology, without exposing the rest of the system to drugs unnecessarily
What are the different types of systemic enteral administration?
Oral (PO)
Rectal (PR)
Sublingual
What are the different types of systemic parenteral administration?
IV/IM/SC
Inhalation
Transdermal
What are pharmacodynamics?
Action of the drug on the body (its use!)
What are pharmacokinetics?
Action of the body on the drug (how it’s broken down)
How do drugs cross membranes?
Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis
By what route of administration is a drug absorbed the quickest?
IV - directly into bloodstream and no membrane crossing or first pass metabolism
How are drugs absorbed into the bloodstream?
Unless given straight into the bloodstream (IV), drug will need to pass though membranes
How are water soluble drugs absorbed?
Water soluble molecules move through membrane by diffusion
How are lipid soluble drugs absorbed?
Lipid soluble drugs can cross phospholipid membrane directly
How are larger drugs absorbed?
Larger drugs might need facilitated diffusion from carrier proteins in the membrane, ATP dependent active transport, or are engulfed by the cell through endocytosis
What is absorption dependent on?
Solubility of drug Size of molecules pH Surface area Perfusion
What happens to a drug if it is taken orally?
If taken orally, not all of the drug taken gets to the bloodstream – the gut and liver will both start metabolising it first before reaching circulation
When is bioavailability assumed to be 100%?
It is assumed to be 100% if a drug is given IV, but lower if given orally
How is bioavailability calculated?
AUC oral / AUC IV x 100
What is bioavailability?
Rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the systemic circulation
Fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation unaltered
What are the drug target types?
Cellular receptors
Enzymes (ACE inhibitors)
Membrane ion channels (lidocaine)
Membrane transporters (PPIs)
What does drug distribution depend on?
Blood flow to area Permeability of capillaries Binding to proteins (albumin = slower) Lipophilicity Volume of distribution
Give an example of how blood flow to an area affects distribution.
Drug will get to the brain (if can pass through BBB) faster than the skin
How does permeability of capillaries affect drug distribution?
Some capillaries have slit junctions that allow drugs through – many in the liver (allows metabolism), none in the brain so harder to get through