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Phase 2a > Genitourinary 3 > Flashcards

Genitourinary 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the prostate gland, most commonly caused by E Coli

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2
Q

How does prostatitis present?

A

Very tender prostate on DRE
Fever, chills, malaise
Voiding symptoms

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3
Q

How is prostatitis investigated?

A

Urinalysis and culture

Blood cultures if febrile

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4
Q

How is prostatitis managed?

A

Ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin for 14 days

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5
Q

What is the most common bacterial STI?

A

Chlamydia

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6
Q

What causes chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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7
Q

How does chlamydia present in men?

A

Testicular pain
Voiding symptoms, dysuria
50% asymptomatic

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8
Q

How does chlamydia present in women?

A

Vaginal discharge and dysuria
White, yellow or green discharge
70% asymptomatic

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9
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

A

Nucleic acid amplification testing

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10
Q

How is chlamydia treated?

A

Avoid sex until treatment finished and contact tracing

Single 1g dose of azithromycin and 7 days of doxycycline

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11
Q

What is the 2nd most common STI in the UK?

A

Gonorrhoea

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12
Q

What causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

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13
Q

How is gonorrhoea likely to present?

A

More likely to by asymptomatic

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14
Q

How is gonorrhoea investigated?

A

NAAT
Microscopy - gram -ve diplococci
Culture - all infected areas with swab

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15
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

Single ceftriaxone IM dose

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16
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

Presence of crystalline stones in the urinary tract

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17
Q

Where do you find kidney stones?

A

Pelviocoureteric junction
Pelvic brim
Vesicoureteral junction

18
Q

What are kidney stones made of?

A

Form from crystal in supersaturated urine - most often composed of calcium oxalate (80% of cases)

19
Q

What can urolithiasis lead to?

A

Blockage of urinary tract which can cause hydropnephrosis

20
Q

What are the risk factors for urolithiasis?

A 
Dehydration
High salt intake
Obesity - lowers pH
Congenital horseshoe kidney
Oxalate rich diet
Gout - uric acid stones
21
Q

How does urolithiasis present?

A

Most are asymptomatic
Causes severe colicky unilateral pain from loin to groin
N+V
Haematuria - 85%
Assume ruptured AAA until proven otherwise

22
Q

How is urolithiasis investigated?

A

KUBXR - first line
Non contrast CTKUB - gold standard
Urine dipstick
Blood tests

23
Q

How is urolithiasis managed?

A

Strong analgesia - diclofenac
Antibiotics
Tamsulosin/nifedipine - relaxes smooth muscle and helps expulsion
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy - used to expulse stones over 10mm

24
Q

How is urolithiasis prevented?

A

Thiazide diuretics

Hydration, reduce salt + oxalate intake

25
Q

What does urinalysis in pyelonephritis show?

A

White cells and microscopic haematuria

26
Q

What do bloods show for pyelonephritis?

A

Elevated ESR and CRP

27
Q

What does US show for pyelonephritis?

A

Rule out urinary tract obstruction or stones

28
Q

What does urinalysis and culture in prostatitis show?

A

Blood, WBCs and bacteria

29
Q

What is the degree of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome?

A

> 3g/24 hours

30
Q

What causes hypoalbuminaemia in nephrotic syndrome?

A

Loss of albumin in urine

31
Q

What causes oedema in nephrotic syndrome?

A

Loss of oncotic pressure

32
Q

What causes frothy urine in nephrotic syndrome?

A

Proteinuria

33
Q

What does urine dipstick show for urolithiasis?

A

Haematuria

34
Q

What do blood tests show for urolithiasis?

A

Raised calcium and phosphate

35
Q

What do blood tests show for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Renal function, elevated lipids

36
Q

Why is the urine creatinine:protein ratio taken in nephrotic syndrome?

A

To measure degree of proteinuria

37
Q

How does gonorrhoea present in men?

A

Dysuria, frequency, discharge

38
Q

How does gonorrhoea present in women?

A

Vaginal discharge, dysuria, pelvic pain

39
Q

Why are ACEi and ARBs used to treat nephritic syndrome?

A

BP control, reduces proteinuria and preserves renal function

40
Q

Why are steroids used to treat nephritic syndrome?

A

Reduces inflammation causing damage to kidney

Phase 2a (25 decks)

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