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VTNE Review > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to drugs or how the drug moves within the body

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2
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect compared to its tendency to produce toxic effects

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3
Q

How is the therapeutic index expressed

A

Ratio between lethal dose (LD50) and dose that is effective (ED50)

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4
Q

What does a high therapeutic index indicate

A

The drug is safer with higher therapeutic index

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5
Q

Bioavailability

A

The percentage of the drug that is administered and reaches systemic circulation

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6
Q

First Pass Effect

A

Orally administered drugs travel to the liver before reaching systemic circulation and may be removed before they are able to take affect

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7
Q

Metabolite

A

Left over components of a drug after chemical structure has been changed

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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body and how it works

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9
Q

Peak Plasma Level

A

Maximum concentration reached in the body

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10
Q

At what point is the elimination rate equal to the absorption rate

A

Peak plasma level

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11
Q

How is frequency of dosing determined

A

Peak plasma level, want to keep plasma drug concentration at effective level

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12
Q

-cidal

A

Kill organisms

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13
Q

-static

A

Prevent organism’s replication

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14
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

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15
Q

Classifications of antimicrobials

A 
Aminoglycosides
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Lincosamides / Macrolides
Penicillins
Quinolones
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Antifungals
Antivirals
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16
Q

Mechanisms of action for antimicrobials (5)

A

Disruption of development of cell wall
Damaging cell membrane in static or adult populations
Interference with microbial protein synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid production
Disruption of microbial metabolic activity

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17
Q

Mechanism of action for penicillins

A

Disrupt formation of cell wall and bacteriostatic

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18
Q

Mechanism of action for polymixins

A

Damage cell membrane in adult populations / changes permeability

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19
Q

Mechanism of action for aminoglycocides

A

Interfere with protein synthesis and bactericidal

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20
Q

Mechanism of action for tetracyclines, lincosamides, chloramphenicol and macrolides

A

Interfere with protein synthesis and bacteriostatic

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21
Q

Mechanism of action of antifungals

A

Inhibit RNA and/or DNA synthesis

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22
Q

Mechanism of action for sulfa drugs

A

Disrupt metabolic activity / replication

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23
Q

Categories of analgesic & anti-inflammatory drugs (4)

A

Opiods
NSAIDS
Local Anesthetics
Alpha-2 agonists

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24
Q

What are the most commonly used analgesic drug in vet med

A

Opioids

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25
Q

Mechanism of action for opioids

A

Block transduction of the pain impulse in peripheral tissues and dampen modulation and perception

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26
Q

Types of opioid receptors

A

Mu
Kappa
Delta

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27
Q

Pure agonist opioids

A

Stimulate all opioid receptors

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28
Q

Examples of pure agonist opioids

A 
Morphine
Meperidine
Hydromorphone
Oxymorphone
Methadone
Fentanyl
Sufentanil
Afentanil
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29
Q

Partial agonist opioids

A

Bind to an opioid receptor, less effective than pure agonists

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30
Q

Examples of partial agonist opioids

A

Buprenorphine

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31
Q

Agonist and Antagonist opioids

A

Block one type of receptor while stimulating another

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32
Q

Examples of agonist & antagonist opioids

A

Butorphanol

Nalbuphine

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33
Q

Pure antagonist opioids

A

Attach to opioid receptors, but do not activate them

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34
Q

Examples of pure antagonist opioids

A

Naloxone

Nalmefene

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35
Q

What type of drugs are reversal agents for opiods

A

Pure antagonist opioids

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36
Q

Mechanism of action of NSAIDs

A

Block prostaglandin formation by inhibiting COX enzymes

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37
Q

Why do cats not metabolize NSAIDs efficiently

A

Deficiency in glucuronyl transferase enzymes

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38
Q

How do local anesthetics work

A

Completely block transmission of nociceptive stimulation, preventing signal from reaching CNS

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39
Q

Mechanism of action of local anesthetics

A

Bind to receptors in sodium channel and prevent depolarization

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40
Q

Primary action of alpha-2 agonist

A

Sedation

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41
Q

What type of drug provide sedation with some analgesic properties

A

Alpha-2 agonists

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42
Q

What type of drug works at all 4 stages of the pain pathway

A

Alpha-2 agonists

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43
Q

4 Steps in pain pathway

A

Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception

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44
Q

Effect of blocking NMDA receptor activity

A

Significantly reduces pain wind up / hypersensitivity

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45
Q

Drug classes effecting CNS

A

Anticholinergic
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Adrenergic Agents

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46
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Block action of acetylecholine at muscarinic receptors

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47
Q

Examples of anticholinergics

A

Atropine

Glycopyrrolate

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48
Q

What is used to treat sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block and sinus arrest

A

Atropine

Glycopyrrolate

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49
Q

Side effect of anticholinergics in cats & ruminants

A

Thickened mucus secretions

50
Q

What anticholinergic is ineffective in rabbits

A

Atropine

51
Q

Why is atropine ineffective in rabbits

A

High levels of atropinesterase - breaks down atropine before it can take effect

52
Q

What muscle types do neuromuscular blocking agents have no effect on?

A

Smooth

Cardiac

53
Q

Types of neuromuscular blocking agents

A

Depolarizing agents

Nondepolarizing agents

54
Q

Mechanism of action for neuromuscular blocking agents

A

Act on neuromuscular junction and prevent normal transmission of impulses

55
Q

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

A

Bind to acetylcholine receptors and cause sustained and persistent depolarization of muscle membrane

56
Q

Examples of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

A

Succinylcholine

57
Q

What type of neuromuscular blocking agents can NOT be reversed

A

Depolarizing / succinylcholine

58
Q

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

A

Bind to acetylcholine receptors and prevent depolarization from occurring

59
Q

Examples of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

A 
Atracurium
Rocuronium
Vercuronium
Pancuronium
Mivacurium
Cisatracurim
60
Q

What type of neuromuscular blocking agents can be reversed

A

Nondepolarizing

61
Q

Adrenergic agents

A

Mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system

62
Q

Types of adrenergic agents

A

Sympathomimetic agents

Sympatholytic agents

63
Q

Sympathomimetic Agent

A

Mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Sympatholytic agents

A

Block action of sympathetic nervous system

65
Q

Cardiovascular drugs

A

Affect the heart & blood vessels

66
Q

Types of cardiovascular drugs

A 
Antiarrhythmics
Diuretics
Positive ionotropes
Vasodilators
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
67
Q

Mechanism of action for antiarrhythmics

A

Restore normal impulse conduction by blocking movement of Na, Ca or K and antagonizing beta-adrenergic receptors

68
Q

Class I antiarrythmics

A

Na channel blockers

69
Q

What are class I antiarrythmics used to treat

A

Supraventricular arrhythmias

70
Q

Class II antiarrythmics

A

Beta antagonists / blockers used to slow conduction velocity through AV node

71
Q

Class III antiarrythmics

A

K channel blockers used to raise ventricular fibrillation threshold and suppress fatal ventricular arrhythmias

72
Q

Class IV antiarrythmics

A

Ca channel blockers used to slow conduction through SA node and prolong AV node refractory period

73
Q

Diuretics

A

Reduce edema and effusion associated with chronic heart failure

74
Q

Mechanism of action for diuretics

A

Create osmotic force in renal tubules that draw water in and promote urine excretion

75
Q

Diuretics examples

A

Furosemide
Chlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Spironolactone

76
Q

Loop diuretic example

A

Furosemide

77
Q

Thiazide diuretic examples

A

Chlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide

78
Q

Potassium sparing diuretic example

A

Spironolactone

79
Q

Positive inotrope

A

Increase myocardial contractility / strength of heart contractions

80
Q

Examples of positive inotropes

A 
Digoxin
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Dobutamine
Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors
Pimobendan
81
Q

What drug is used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

A

Digoxin

82
Q

What drugs are used to increase myocardial contractility for short periods of time

A

Dobutamine
Dopamine
Epinephrine

83
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Produce balanced vasodilation and help modulate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

84
Q

Hematinics

A

Substances that promote an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

85
Q

Blood substitute examples

A

Oxyglobin

86
Q

Respiratory drug classes

A

Antitussives
Expectorants
Mucolytics
Bronchodilators

87
Q

Antitussives

A

Cough suppressants for unproductive coughs

88
Q

Examples of antitussives

A

Dextromethorpan
Codeine phosphate
Hydrocodone tartrate
Butorphanol

89
Q

Expectorants

A

Increase volume or fluidity of respiratory secretions

90
Q

Example of expectorants

A

Guaifenesin

91
Q

Mucolytics

A

Reduce viscosity of purulent and nonpurulent secretions

92
Q

Example of mucolytic

A

N-acetylcysteine

93
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Reduce bronchospasms by expanding bronchioles in the lungs

94
Q

Examples of bronchodilators

A

Terbutaline
Albuterol
Theophylline
Aminophylline

95
Q

When is it appropriate to use emetics

A

When non caustic poisons are ingested

96
Q

Hyperosmotic agents

A

Draw water into the bowels to help soften stool

97
Q

Examples of hyperosmotic agents

A

Lactulose

Polyethylene glycol 3350

98
Q

Bulk producing agents

A

Increase water content of stool to stimulate peristalsis of the GI tract

99
Q

Example of bulk producing agent

A

Fiber

100
Q

What type of gastroprotectants reduce gastric acid production and / or secretions

A

Histaminergic antagonists

Proton pump inhibitors

101
Q

Synthetic prostaglandins

A

Stimulate mucus and bicarbonate production and enhance blood flow throughout the GI lining

102
Q

Cytoprotective agents

A

Form protective coating over ulcerated tissue to foster healing

103
Q

Prokinetic agents

A

Increase gastric motility

104
Q

What are prokinetic agents used for

A

Conditions associated with gastric hypomotility, gastroesophageal reflux and decreased colonic motility

105
Q

What hormones are used to induce estrous in mares

A

Estrogens

106
Q

What hormones are used to treat vaginitis and urinary incontinence in dogs

A

Estrogens

107
Q

What hormone can return a mare or heifer to proestrus

A

Progestins

108
Q

What type hormones are used to ‘cycle’ production animals

A

Progestins

109
Q

What hormone can prevent estrus if an animal is in proestrus

A

Progestins

110
Q

What do prostaglandins cause

A

CL lysis
Initiation of a new estrous cycle
Abortion in pregnant animals

111
Q

What hormone is responsible for milk letdown and uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

112
Q

What does insulin cause in relation to glucose

A

Removes glucose from circulation and stores it in tissues

113
Q

What are corticosteroids used for

A

Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

114
Q

Types of vaccines that can cause short term supply of ready-made antibodies

A

Antitoxins

Antiserums

115
Q

Antitoxin Vaccinations

A

Contain antibodies to specific toxins

116
Q

Antiserum Vaccinations

A

Contain antibodies to specific microorganisms

117
Q

Mydriatic

A

Dilate the pupil

118
Q

Example of mydriatic drug

A

Atropine

119
Q

Miotics

A

Cause pupillary constriction

120
Q

Example of miotic drug

A

Pilocarpine

121
Q

Effect of ophthalmic cyclosporine

A

Increased tear production

VTNE Review (4 decks)

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