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VTNE Review > Genetics / Reproduction > Flashcards

Genetics / Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA chromosome that provide the code for specific proteins or regulate expression of other genes

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2
Q

Allele

A

Form of a gene that may be present

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3
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Phenotypes that are influenced by multiple genes

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4
Q

Co-Dominance

A

A gene pair in which both are expressed with a blending of the phenotypes of 2 alleles

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5
Q

Co-dominance example

A

Cross between red & white carnation produces pink flower

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6
Q

Epistatic genes

A

Genes that modify or prevent the expression of other genes

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7
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Pair of genes in which both are expressed with both phenotypes visible in the offspring

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8
Q

Example of incomplete dominance

A

Cross between a black chicken and a white chicken produces a spotted black & white chicken

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9
Q

How are offspring of 2 purebred parents described

A

F1 / first filial generation

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10
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Predicts genotype & phenotype of offspring that differ in genotype for a single trait

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11
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Predicts offspring of 2 individuals that differ in genotype for 2 traits that are inherited independently

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12
Q

Phenotype ratio for dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

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13
Q

Autosomal

A

All genes that are not located on the sex chromosomes

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14
Q

What happens when a male inherits an X-linked recessive allele

A

It is always expressed

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15
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Dominant alleles will transmit to every generation unless the penetrance is interrupted

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16
Q

Autosomal Recessive

A

Parents and remote relatives of affected individual will not be affected / skips generations

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17
Q

What percentage of progeny will be affected by autosomal recessive genes

A

About 25%

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18
Q

Pedigree chart

A

Diagram used to track inheritance of specific traits

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19
Q

Test cross

A

Determines genotype of particular phenotypes

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20
Q

Backcross

A

Pairing of an F1 generation hybrid with an organism whose genotype is identical to the parental strain

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21
Q

Outbreeding / Random breeding

A

Mating of other, unrelated, strains to increase number of heterozygotes

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22
Q

What type of breeding keeps the largest gene pool

A

Outbreeding / random breeding

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23
Q

What type of breeding keeps fitness traits at high levels

A

Outbreeding / random breeding

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24
Q

Assortative mating

A

Mating of individuals that are phenotypically similar

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25
Q

What type of breeding system chooses individuals for their phenotype

A

Assortative mating

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26
Q

Inbreeding

A

Minimum of 20 consecutive brother-sister matings

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27
Q

What breeding system is designed to reduce heterozygosity

A

Inbreeding

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28
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

When an individual becomes homozygous

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29
Q

Ways to reduce inbreeding depression

A

Introduce new sire with as many desirable traits as possible

Outcross within breeding population

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30
Q

Heterosis / Hybrid Vigor

A

F1 generation produced by crossing 2 different inbred strains

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31
Q

Line breeding

A

System of inbreeding closely related individuals to guarantee similar traits in offspring

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32
Q

Harem Mating

A

When 1 male is mated to, and generally housed with, at least 5 females

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33
Q

Transgenic

A

Alters genetic makeup by transplanting a specific DNA strand into morula or by exposing embryo to mutating factors

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34
Q

What is the first generation of transgenic breeding referred to as

A

F0

Founder animal

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35
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a gene

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36
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

Change in the DNA sequence of a gene contained in a gamete

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37
Q

Translocation

A

Breakage of 2 chromosomes resulting in repair in an abnormal arrangement

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38
Q

Deletion

A

Part or all of a chromosome is missing

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39
Q

Duplication

A

An allele is duplicated

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40
Q

Lethal Genes

A

A gene that will cause the death of an embryo or serious impairment or death sometime after birth
Usually homozygous recessive

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41
Q

Semilethal Gene

A

Causes individual to have abnormal traits

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42
Q

Incomplete dominance lethal gene

A

Results in death in homozygous individuals

Heterozygous individuals will show clinical signs

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43
Q

Age of puberty in female cats

A

7-12 months

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44
Q

What factors affect age of puberty in female cats

A

Weight
Hair coat - long reaches later
Hours of daylight
Season of birth

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45
Q

Age of puberty in male cat

A

9 months

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46
Q

Male cat accessory sex glands

A

Prostate

Bulbourethral / cowper

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47
Q

Methods for feline semen collection

A

Artificial vagina - only about 20% can be trained
Electroejaculation
Natural breeding

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48
Q

What type of estrous cycle do cats have

A

Seasonally polyestrous

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49
Q

What type of placenta do cats have

A

Zonary

50
Q

How much / often should kittens be hand fed

A

15-20% bodyweight in 4 servings

51
Q

At what age can kittens transition to dry food

A

4 weeks

52
Q

Weaning age for kittens

A

5-8 weeks

53
Q

Age of puberty in female dogs

A

8 months

54
Q

Why should female dogs not be bred on first estrous cycle

A

They are sexually mature, but not anatomically mature

55
Q

What should all breeding dogs be tested for

A

Brucella canis

56
Q

What can B. canis cause in breeding dogs

A

Abortion
Fetal resorption
Infertility

57
Q

Accessory sex glands in the dog

A

Prostate

58
Q

Ways to collect dog semen

A

Teaser bitch
Masturbation
Electroejaculation

59
Q

Which method of collecting dog semen is most common

A

Teaser bitch

60
Q

What method of dog semen collection is NOT commonly used

A

Electroejaculation

61
Q

Which method of dog semen collection requires anesthesia

A

Electroejaculation

62
Q

What type of estrous cycle does a dog have

A

Non-seasonal, twice per year, no true estrous cycle

63
Q

What type of placenta do dogs have

A

Zonary

64
Q

When can puppies begin to eat solid food

A

4 weeks

65
Q

What age should puppies be weaned

A

6-8 weeks

66
Q

Age of puberty mare

A

12-24 months

67
Q

Age of puberty stallion

A

12-18 months

68
Q

Stallion accessory sex glands

A

Sminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral / cowpers

69
Q

Equine semen collection techniques

A

Artificial vagina / phantom
Condoms
Vaginal collection
Dismount sample

70
Q

What is the most common method to collect stallion semen

A

Artificial vagina / phantom

71
Q

Type of estrous cycle for mares

A

Seasonally polyestrous

72
Q

What type of placenta do horses have

A

Diffuse & microcotyledonary

73
Q

How long does the CL produce progesterone in a pregnant mare

A

120 - 150 days

74
Q

Age of puberty in heifers

A

9-10 months

75
Q

What factors influence puberty in heifers

A

Weight

76
Q

When should a heifer be bred in relation to age / weight

A

15 months, 1000lbs

77
Q

Age of puberty for bulls (cow)

A

7-18 months

78
Q

Bull (cow) accessory sex glands

A

Vesicular glands
Prostate
Bulbourethral

79
Q

What disease can cause abortion in cows

A

Q fever

80
Q

Causative agent for Q fever

A

Coxiella burnetii

81
Q

Techniques for bull (cow) semen collection

A

Electroejaculation
Massage
Artificial vagina

82
Q

What type of estrous cycle do cows have

A

Non-seasonal polyestrous

83
Q

What type of placenta do cows have

A

Codyledonary

84
Q

What is a ‘Free Martin’

A

Female twin of a male calf

Infertile and hermaphroditic

85
Q

Doe (goat) age of puberty

A

6-8 months

86
Q

At what weight should a female goat be first bred

A

At least 60-70% of adult body weight

87
Q

Age of puberty in buck (goat)

A

4-5 months

88
Q

Buck (goat) accessory sex glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral / cowpers

89
Q

Buck semen collection methods

A

Artifical vagina

Bailey Ejaculator / electroejaculation

90
Q

What method is not commonly used for buck semen collection

A

Bailey ejaculator

91
Q

Why is the Bailey ejaculator not used commonly in goats?

A

Because of the response of the buck, increased vocalizations and excessive muscle contractions

92
Q

What type of estrous cycle do goats have

A

Seasonally polyestrous

93
Q

How can the estrous cycle be controlled in goats

A

Presentation of a male
Prostaglandins
Progestins

94
Q

What do prostaglandins do

A

Induce ovulation

95
Q

What do progestins do

A

Delay ovulation

96
Q

What type of placenta do goats have

A

Codyledonary

97
Q

What percentage of goat births are dystocai

A

3-5%

98
Q

At what age can goats be weaned

A

3 months

99
Q

Age of puberty in ewe

A

6-7 months

100
Q

At what weight should a ewe first be bred

A

65% of mature body weight

101
Q

Age of puberty in ram

A

6 months

102
Q

At what age should a ram be first bred

A

24 months

103
Q

Ram accessory sex glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral

104
Q

Ram semen collection techniques

A

Electroejaculation

105
Q

What type of estrous cycle do ewes have

A

Seasonally polyestrous

Short day breeders

106
Q

Whitten Effect

A

Introducing a ram to ewes shortly before onset of breeding season to begin cycling within 5-6 days

107
Q

Ewe flushing

A

Increasing dietary intake before breeding to increase the number of mature follicles / follicles ruptured

108
Q

How much should ewes nutrition be increased in last trimester

A

50%

109
Q

What type of placenta do ewes have

A

Codyledonary

110
Q

What will happen after 2-3 hours of non-productive labor in the ewe

A

The cervix will close

111
Q

Common lamb defects

A

Cleft palate
Umbilical hernia
Entropion

112
Q

What should be supplemented to the ewe or lamb (if not given to the ewe)

A

Selenium

Vitamin E

113
Q

Age / weight of puberty in sows

A 
250 lbs
200 days (4-6 months)
114
Q

What affects onset of puberty in sows

A

Genetics

Environment

115
Q

Age of puberty in boars

A

5-7 months

116
Q

Age of full maturity in boars

A

2 years

117
Q

Boar accessory sex glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral / cowpers

118
Q

Boar semen collection techniques

A

Gloved hand

Teaser sow

119
Q

What type of estrous cycle do pigs have

A

Non-seasonal polyestrous

120
Q

What type of placenta do pigs have

A

Diffuse

121
Q

At what age are pigs weaned

A

3-5 weeks

122
Q

What should every piglet receive supplementation of

A

200mg iron dextran

VTNE Review (4 decks)

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