Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Movement of a drug through the body

Question 2

Four stages of pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

Question 3

Bioavailability

Answer 3

Amount fo drug to reach system as in tact drug

Question 4

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 4

Mechanism of action that the drug has on the body

Question 5

RICE for cell-cell communication

Answer 5

Receptors - 4 types - G protein coupled, ligand gated channels, kinase receptors, nuclear receptors.
Ion gated channels
Carriers/ transporters
Enzymes

Question 6

Antibacterial classes

Answer 6

4 classes:

• bacterial cell wall inhibitors
• inhibitors of protein synthesis
• inhibitors of DNA replication
• inhibition of bacterial metabolic pathway

Question 7

Selective toxicity

Answer 7

Selectively kills/inhibits bacterial cell whilst causing little/no harm to host cell due to cell differences

Question 8

Penicillins, cephalosporins are

Answer 8

B - lactum ring antibiotics

Question 9

Poly pharmacy

Answer 9

Use of five or more regular medications which increases risk of adverse effects such as creating a new medical diagnosis, drug-drug interactions.

Question 10

Common anti fungals

Answer 10

Azoles

Question 11

What drug reverses opioids effects?

Answer 11

Naloxone

Question 12

Teratogenic or a teratogen is

Answer 12

Substance/agent that is known to cause abnormal foetal development

Question 13

Fetotoxic is

Answer 13

Anything that is poisonous to the foetus

Question 14

Antibiotic resistance occurs in 4 ways …

Answer 14

Changes to cell wall structure,
Production of enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic (b lactamases)
Changes to the bacterial binding/target site
A utility to have efflux pumps that increase pumping of antibiotic out of the cell.

All lead to decreased ESF antibiotic concentration therefore making them non effective .

Question 15

Sulphonamides are which class of antibiotic

Answer 15

Inhibitor of bacterial metabolic pathway

Question 16

Examples of inhibitors of DNA replication are…

Answer 16

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones,

These can be toxic, 2nd line of therapy and contraindicated with pregnancy and young kids

Question 17

Azoles action

Answer 17

Inhibit ergosterol cell membrane wall of fungi

Question 18

4 types of oral hypoglycemics

Answer 18

1. Buguanides (metformin)
2. Sulfonylureas (glubenclamide, glicazide, glimperide)
3. DDP-4 inhibitors (alogliptin, sa ag Lipton)
4. A- glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose)

Question 19

Naloxone is

Answer 19

An opioid antagonist

Question 20

Morphine action

Answer 20

Agonist of kappa opioid receptors, blocks transmission and inhibits dorsal horn projection cells. Transported by glycoproteins/globulins, stimulates the descending pain pathway

Question 21

NSAIDS action

Answer 21

Inhibit release of substance p (prostaglandin) by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme to decrease pain messages within the CNS

Question 22

Induction agents given IV are

Answer 22

Propofol, Ketamine, midazolam, and thiopentone

Question 23

Propofol action

Answer 23

Activation of specific GABA, shortens channel opening times at nicotinic ACh and Na channels in the cortex = rapid induction - suits maintenance and sedation phase minimal CVS effects

Question 24

Insulin therapy

Answer 24

Rapid, soluble, intermediate, long acting and pre mixed

Question 25

Long acting insulin is

Answer 25

Isophane (humalog)

Tresiba

Question 26

Rapid insulin examples are

Answer 26

Novorapid, humalog, insulin aspart and insulin gluisine.

To be taken with food, rapid onset of 30 mins; peaks at 2 hours and has a four hour duration

Question 27

Long acting insulin can last

Answer 27

20-24 hours

Question 28

Alteplase (t-PA)

Answer 28

Converts plasminogen into plasmin, which breaks down the fibrin clot and dissolves thrombus/embolus

Question 29

Which drugs can be classed as a muscle relaxant?

Answer 29

Suxamethonium, and atracurium

Question 30

When is it safe for B blockers and NSAIDS during pregnancy?

Answer 30

Third trimester (6-9 months)

Question 31

Exercise increases skeletal muscle, therefore

Answer 31

there is an improved blood flow and an increase in absorption

Question 32

Name of a drug if it can cross BBB and is ‘water loving’

Answer 32

Lipophillic

Question 33

What is the enzyme in the liver that achieves first pass metabolism

Answer 33

CYP450 (cytochrome P450)

Question 34

Factors affecting metabolism?

Answer 34

genetics - liver enzymes,
age - neonates lack conjugating and old age decreases phase 1 metabolism (oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis)
hormones
disease

Question 35

Factors affecting absorption?

Answer 35

molecular size and weight,
lipid solubility,
gut content, motility and pH,
chemical and enzyme stability,

Question 36

What is the beers criteria?

Answer 36

list of medications that are potentially inappropriate for use in older adults due to an increase risk of adverse events.

Question 37

Acidic drugs such as warfarin/aspirin bind to?

Answer 37

Albumin

Question 38

Basic drugs such as morphine and diazepam bind to?

Answer 38

Globulin/glycoproteins

Question 39

Agonist potency depends on?

Answer 39

Affinity and efficacy

Question 40

Drug antagonism can be

Answer 40

direct (binds to receptor to block response) or indirect (inhibiting neurotransmitter)