Diabetes

Question 1

5 types of oral hypoglycemics

Answer 1

Buguanides (metformin)
Sulfonylureas (glicazide and glipiside)
Thizolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglotazone)
A-glycosidase inhibitors (acarbose, voglibose)
DPP4 inhibitor

Question 2

Type 2 DM

Answer 2

Insulin sensitivity, body not producing enough insulin or body isn’t using it correctly

Question 3

Pancreas has alpha and beta endocrine cells

Answer 3

Alpha create glucagon

Beta create insulin

Question 4

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 4

Is complete destruction of the beta cells of the endocrine portion of the pancreas - islet of langerhans

Question 5

Glycogenolysis

Answer 5

Glycogen - glucose

Question 6

Glycogenesis

Answer 6

Glucose - glycogen

Question 7

Lipolysis

Answer 7

Fatty acid - ketones
use of stored energy from cells
Insulin maintains usually, if not enough they roam freely in the blood

Question 8

Fasting plasma glucose normal levels

Answer 8

<6mmol

4.4-5.6mmol

Question 9

Hba1c

Answer 9

Average of glucose level over 10-12 weeks

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of diabetes type 1

Answer 10

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lethargy, fatigue, blurred vision, younger patient, ketoacidosis, fruity smelling breath

Question 11

Signs of hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome

Answer 11

Hypovolemia, hyperglycaemia, dehydration, glucosuria over a longer period of time than DKA

Question 12

Long acting insulin

Answer 12

Isophane

Question 13

Insulin lispro

Answer 13

Fast acting taken around time of eating often called Humalog

Question 14

Insulin aspart

Answer 14

Rapid acting insulin

Question 15

Metabolism is

Answer 15

reactions involving degradation, synthesis and transformation of energy rich organic molecules. During digestion, molecules are broken down into smaller, absorbable subunits –> monosaccharides (glucose) which are absorbed in the bloodstream.

Question 16

Endocrine portion of the pancreas includes

Answer 16

Islets of Langerhans containing alpha cells for glucagon and beta cells for insulin and amylin

Question 17

Amylin..

Answer 17

Delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon post meals

Question 18

Glucose

Answer 18

is the main source of energy for most body cells, levels are maintained by pancreas hemostasis by endocrine portion.

Question 19

An increased BGL level…

Answer 19

promotes insulin release from beta cells of the pancreas

Question 20

Insulin

Answer 20

binds to kinase receptors and stimulates glucose uptake from blood GLUC2 transporter, stimulating glycogen formation (glycogenesis) in the liver to decrease glucose output and decrease BGL

Question 21

A decreased BGL

Answer 21

promotes alpha cells to release glucagon from endocrine pancreas which is transported by GLUC2 transporter to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen = glycogenolysis

Question 22

MOA of biguanides (metformin)

Answer 22

Suppresses hepatic glucose release and increases peripheral uptake of glucose

Question 23

MOA of sulfonylureas

Answer 23

Summon insulin / stimulate B cell secretion

Question 24

Thiazolidinediones MOA

Answer 24

increase the effect of insulin especially on muscle and fat cells, increase peripheral uptake of glucose

Question 25

a-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 25

inhibit the alpha pancreas endocrine cells to reduce glucagon release