Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
The drug name which important to Understand the pharmacokinatics and pharmacodinamics is
A
Chemical name
2
Q
Morphine is isolated from…
A
Opium poppy plant
3
Q
When the drug is injeckted directly to the CSF this route is called
A
Intrathecal
4
Q
amount of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation
A
Bioavilability
5
Q
An example of drug that is taken under tongue
A
Nitroglycerin
6
Q
For patient suffer from vomiting the best route to admenistrate drug is
A
Rectal route
7
Q
When the needle make (.90° ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..
A
Intramuscular
8
Q
When the needle make (. 45° ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..
A
Subcutaneous(hypodermis)
9
Q
When the needle make (.25° ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..
A
Intravenous
10
Q
When the needle make (10-15 °. ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..
A
Intradermal
11
Q
Phase | of metabolism occurs in…..
A
Hepatocytes endoplasmic reticulum
12
Q
The enzyme which is responsable of the reactions that occur in the phase 1 of liver metabolism is
A
Cytochrome p450(microsomal enzyme)
13
Q
The reactions that occur in the phase 1 of liver metabolism are
A
Reduction
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
14
Q
The effects which is expected from the phase 1 of liver metabolism on the pharmacologic activity of the drug are
A
Increase the pharmacologic activity
Decrease the pharmacologic activity
Not effect the pharmacologic activity
15
Q
The reactions that occur in the phase || of the liver metabolism are
A
Conjugation reactions
16
Q
Which endogenous substrate could be used in the phase ||. of the liver metabolism
A
Glucuronic acid
Sulfuric acid
Acetic acid
Any amino acid
17
Q
The main organ of metabolism is
A
Liver
18
Q
The main organ of clearance is
A
Kidney
19
Q
An enzyme found in blood and other tissues and has an important role in drugs metabolism
A
Choline. Esterase
20
Q
Drug has a therapeutic effects in active, metabolite and original form
A
Benzodiazopines منوّم َومهدئ
21
Q
Drug concedared as anticoagulant and has a high affinity to plasma proteins (nearly 99%)
A
Warfarin
22
Q
We use phenytoin for
A
Epilepsy
23
Q
We use erythromycin as an
A
Antibiotic
24
Q
We prescribe cimetidine for a patient suffer from
A
Peptic ulcer
25
Which drugs concedared as ME inducers
Ri fampi cin
Carba meza pine
Pheno barbi tone
Pheny toin
26
Which drugs concedared as ME inhibitors
Cime tidine
Cipro floxa cin
Erythromycin
Isonizide
27
The first step in dealing with aspirin toxicity, is?
to alkalize the urine, by administering alkaline drugs in the bloodstream.
28
An example of drug that has long Half life (almost 36 hours)
Warfarin
29
An example of drug that has a very short Half life
Levodopa
30
The antibiotic amoxicillin has a Half life of......
8 hours
31
Before any surgery to avoid severe bleeding, the patient must stop warfarin at least....
72 hours
32
The drug which is used by parkinson's disease patients is
Levodopa
33
An example of zero-order drug is
Phenytoin
34
An example of drug that has a quantal response
Epilepsy drugs
| Arrthmea drugs
35
An example of irreversible antagonist drug
| non Competitive antagonists
1-Phenoxi benzamin
| 2-Organo phosphate
36
An example of physiological antagonist
Adrenalin and Histamen
37
If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(1)=2
This type of drug combination is
Addition
38
If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(1)=3
This type of drug combination is
synergism
39
If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(1)=0
This type of drug combination is
Antiagonism
40
If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(0)=2
This type of drug combination is
Potentiation
41
An example of synergistic drugs
Antibiotics:
| penicellin + Amino glycozid
42
Acetyl choline esterase - inhibitor drugs work by which mechanism
Changing enzymatic activity
43
local anesthetics drugs work by which mechanism
Change cell membrane permeability
44
An example of drug works by Combine with other Chemicals
giving an alkali tablets (antacid) to neutralize the acidity of the stomach in the cases of Gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer or gastritis
45
We give cell wall synthesis inhibitors in the cases of
Bacterial infections
46
We give nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors as an
antineoplastic medications (anticancer)
47
An example of ionotropic receptor (Ligand-Gated ion channels).
cholinergic nicotinic receptors, When a ligand (acetylcholine for example) binds to the channel, it will open, and the sodium ion will enter the cell
48
Receptor : a1-adrenoceptors
endogenous ligand:
Full agonist :
Competitive antagonists:
Endogenous ligand: norepinephrine.
Full agonist :phenylephrine
```
Competitive antagonists:
antihypertensive drug (terazosin)
```
49
An example of Partial agonist at D2 receptors
aripiprazole
50
```
What is the effect of the Competitive antagonist drug in
1-agonist (dose - response) curve
2-agonist ED50
3-agonist potency
4-agonist efficacy
```
1-shifted the curve to the right
2-increases the ED50
3-reduces the agonist potency
4- don't effect the agonist efficacy
51
```
What is the effect of the Non-Competitive antagonist drug in
1-agonist (dose - response) curve
2-agonist ED50
3-agonist potency
4-agonist efficacy
```
1- downward shifted
2-don't affect the ED50
3 - don't effect the potency
4-reduces the agonist efficacy
52
An example of drug that has a small TI
Warfarin
53
An example of drug that has a large TI
Penicillin
54
An example of drugs that is tolerated by the body
Opioids such as: Morphine, Heroin, Oxycodone and Barbiturates.
55
An example of excitatory NT that binds to ionotropic receptor
Excitatory NT : Acetyl choline
| Ionotropic receptor :cholinergic nicotinic receptor
56
An example of excitatory NT that binds to metabotropic receptor
Excitatory NT : Dopamine
| Metabotropic receptor : Dopamine receptor
57
An example of inhibatory NT that binds to ionotropic receptor
Inhibatory NT :GABA
| Ionotropic receptor :GABA receptor
58
An example of inhibatory NT that binds to metabotropic receptor
Inhibatory NT : opioids
| Metabotropic receptor :opioids receptor
59
The drug which leads to the closure of voltage channels and prevents the formation of action potential so there is no pain or sensation.
Local anesthetics
60
Toxin extracted from the puffer fish, binding to the sodium voltage gated channels and therefore inhibiting the influx of Na+ ions and preventing the formation of action potential
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
61
The main neurotransmitter in Parasympathetic Nervous System (PANS).
Acetyl choline
62
the main neurotransmitter in Sympathetic Nervous System (SANS) is
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
63
Nicotinic receptors found in
1-Target cells of somatic NS :skeletal muscles
2- in ganglia of SANS and PANS
64
Muscarinic receptors found in
1-Tissues innervated by postganglionic nerves of PANS
2- sweat glands innervated by SANS(exception)
65
The enzyme which is responsable of synthesis of acetyl choline is
Choline acetyl transferase
66
The enzyme which is responsable of degradation of acetyl choline is
Acetyl choline esterase
67
The most excitatory NT in the CNS is
Glutamate
68
the most inhibatory NT in the CNS
GABA
69
The most abundant inhibitory NT in the spinal cord is
Glycine
70
The enzyme which is responsable of convertion of (Tyrosine amino acid) to (L-dopa) is
tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting step)
71
The enzyme which is responsable of convertion of (L-dopa ) to (Dopamine ) is
dopa-decarboxylase
72
The enzyme which is responsable of convertion of (Dopamine) to (Norepinephrine ) is
beta hydroxylase
73
Catecholamines are inactivated by three ways
1-reuptake (most common)
2-degradation or conjugation as they may diffuse to the liver and get deactivated by MAO (monoamine oxidase)
3- degradation by COMT (catechol O methyl transferase) in postsynaptic membrane.
74
An example of peptide NT
Endor phine
75
The NT that is important in diagnose of depression and eating disorders
الاكتئاب واضطرابات الشهيه
serotonin
76
The NT that is important in diagnose of Parkinson and schizophrenia is
باركنسون وانفصام الشخصيه
dopamine
77
Local and deneral anesthetics affects the NS by which mechanism?
Inhibition of action potential presynaptically:
inhibits action potential before reaching terminal buttons and stop its propagation. target voltage gated Na channels-block signal transduction
78
An example of drug that used to treate hypertension and work by interfere with drug storage
Reserpine
79
An example of drug that increases the release of catecholamines
Amphetamine
80
An example of drug prevents the release Acetyl choline by blocked the fusion of vesicles containing ach and the presynaptic membrane
Botox (botulinum toxin)
81
An example of drug prevents the release (Dopamine /Norepinephrine) by blocked the VMAT channel in the vesicles which store these NTs
Reserpine
82
The mechanism by which antidepressants produce there effect is
Inhibition the serotonin reuptake
83
Caffeine and Cocaine both are drugs can affect NS what is the deffirint between there mechanism of action
Caffeine is a cAMP degradation inhibitor so it effects the postsynaptic neuron directly intracellularly and produce its effect.
Cocaine is drug of abuse and can inhibit the reuptake of Dopamine, NE and serotonin.
84
A phenomenon charácterized by a decrease in the blood flow to the peripheral parts (fingers, toes, tip of nose and penis in males) due to vasospasm in the smaller arteries that supply blood to skin limiting blood flow to affected areas in the case of sympathetic response to coldness
Raynaud's phenomenon
85
The way of transportation used to transport Choline into the cytoplasm of the cholinergic neuron is
energy-dependent carrier system
| cotransports sodium
86
To inhibat the synthesis of acetyl choline there are 2 way :
1- inhibition of sodium cotransports of choline to the inside of cholinergic neuron
2 - inhibition of choline acetyl transferase
87
An example of drug that inhibits the sodium cotransports of choline to the inside of cholinergic neuron
Hemi cholinium
88
Vesamicol and botulinum toxin both can inhibat the release of acetyl choline but in different mechanism, what are these mechanisms
Vesamicol blocked the channels in the vesicles before the storage of acetyl choline in it, so it is inhibiting acetylcholine uptake into synaptic vesicles and reducing its release.
Botulinum toxin prevents the diffuse between vesicles containing ach and the presynaptic membrane
89
What is the effect of the black widow spider venom in ach release
causes all the ACh stored in synaptic vesicles to empty into the synaptic gap.
90
In ach cycle what is the rate limiting step
Choline reuptake
91
The therapeutic usage of carbachol is
To treat Glaucoma
92
The therapeutic usage of bethanechol is
1- to treat atonic bladder, particularly in postpartum or postoperative, nonobstructive urinary retention.
2- to treat neurogenic atony
3- to treat megacolon
4- to treat paralytic ileus
93
What are the uses of methacholine
1-diagnose of asthma
2-diagnose of belladonna mushroom poisoning
3-diagnosis bronchial hyperreactivity
94
What are the therapeutic uses of pilocarpine
1- used in ophthalmology to treat Glaucoma
2-to treat xerostomia
3- sjögren syndrome
95
In xerostomia there is a decrease in............
Caused by..............
And treated by........
Slivation
irradiation of the head and neck.
Pilocarpine
96
Sjögren syndrome characterized by......... , is treated with...............
Dry mouth and lack of tears
| oral pilocarpine tablets and cevimeline
97
Drugs could be used to treat Glaucoma............
1- carbachol
2-pilocarpine and cevimeline
الأفضل في الحالات الطارئه
3- physostigmine. الاقوى.
4-Echo thio phate نادر الاستخدام لكثره أعراضه الجانبيه
98
In emergency cases when we need to lowering the intraocular pressure, the drug of choice is
Pilocarpine
99
The most potent mitotic drug Absolutely is
| على الاطلاق
Physostigmine
100
The medical uses of Edrophonium ( tensilon )are
1-It is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
2-differentiating cholinergic crisis ( worsen ) and myasthenia Gravis ( improve )
3-for reversing the effects of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers after surgery .
101
The medical uses of physostigmine are
1-Has therapeutic action in atony of either organ (constipation and urine retention)
2-treatment of overdoses of drugs with anticholinergic actions, such as atropine
3 - treat Glaucoma
102
The medical uses of Neostigmine are
1-Atony urinary bladder caused urine retention
2-paralytic ileus after operation
3-antidote for competitive neuromuscular-blocking agents.(muscle relaxents).
4- Neostigmine and Atropine togather used for managing symptoms of myasthenia gravis
103
The best drug is given on its own to managing symptoms of myasthenia gravis is
Pyrido stigmine
104
What is the meaning of aging of the enzyme
Loss of an alkyl group
105
The therapeutic uses for echothiophate
Used to treat open - angle glaucomabecause it has long action ,rarely used due to its side effect profil which includes the risk of causing cataracts
106
In cases of poisoning with organophosphate Compound, we give the patient Triad which consiset of
1-Atropine(life saving drug)
2-oxime (paralidoxime 2-PAM.or DAM)
3-Diazepam
107
An example of drugs Used as first - line treatments for Alzheimer's disease ,
Rivastigmine
galantamine
donepezil
108
Used to produce miosis in ophthalmic surgery
Acetyl choline
109
Atropine cosidarad as.....1...... Blockers
It used in cases of .....2..... and.........3.......
Poisoning with over dose of it is treated by ..4....
1-muscarinic receptor
2-poisoning with organophosphate Compound
3-managing symptoms of myasthenia gravis with Neostigmine
4-physostigmine
110
Non- depolarizing muscle relaxents concedared as....... 1........
Used in the cases of...2..... And to reverse its effect we use.......... 3..............
Poisoning with over dose of it, is treated by...4......
1-competitive neuromuscular-blocking agents
2-before surgery
3-Edrophonium after surgery
4-Neostigmine
111
An example of Direct-acting cholinergic agonists
| Of muscarinic receptors
*choline esters. | *alkaloids
1-Acetyl choline. |
2-Carbachol. |1-pilocarpine
3-bethanechol. |. 2-cevimeline
4-methacholine |. 3-muscarine
112
An example of Direct-acting cholinergic agonists
| Of nicotinic receptors
1-nicotine
2-varenicline
3-lobellin
4-Insecticides and rodenticides
113
An example of Reversible Indirect acting cholinergic agonists:
```
1-physostigmine
2-Neostigmine
3-pyrido stigmine
4-Edrophonium
5-donepezil
6-rivastigmine
```
114
An example of Irreversible Indirect acting cholinergic agonists:
1-Diisopropyl-flurophosphate (DFP)
2-Nerve gas (Sarin)
3-pesticide(malathion and parathion)
4-Echothiophate
115
Loss of accommodation of anear vision called
Cycloplegia
116
The Natural sources of atropine are
Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium
117
The Natural source of scopolamine is
Hyoscyamus niger
118
The therapeutic uses of scopolamine are
1-prevention of motion sicknessوقايه
2-prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
3-used for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
119
Contraindications of cholinergic antagonist
1-Narrow angle glaucoma
2-Hypertrophy of the prostate gland
3-Atony of the bladder
4- Atony of the GI tract
120
Contraindications of cholinergic agonists
1) Asthma
2) Coronary insufficiency
3) Peptic ulcer, because cholinergic agonist will increase secretion of acid in stomach.
4) Organic obstruction in bladder and gastrointestinal tract
