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internal medicine > pharmacokinetics I- drug administration, absortion, and distribution > Flashcards

pharmacokinetics I- drug administration, absortion, and distribution Flashcards

1
Q

two primary routes of administration

A

alimentary canal to enteral administration
non-alimentary routes to paraenteral administration

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2
Q

enteral routes

A

oral and rectal

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3
Q

What is the most common method of enteral medications

A

oral

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4
Q

oral advantages

A

easy , safe, convenient

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5
Q

oral disadvantages

A

limited absorption of some drugs
change of first pass inactivation in liver

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6
Q

most oral medication is absorbed from

A

the small intestine

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7
Q

define first pass effect

A

drugs is transported into the liver via the portal vine where a large amount of the drug may be metabolized and destroyed prior to reaching the target tissue

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8
Q

sublingual drugs

A

are placed under the tongue

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9
Q

buccal drug

A

the drug is placed between the check and the gums

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10
Q

do the sublingual or buccal go thru first pass effect?

A

none

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11
Q

rectal drugs

A

via the rectum

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12
Q

rectal advantages

A

local effect on rectal tissues

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13
Q

rectal disadvantages

A

poor or incomplete absorption

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14
Q

parental routes

A

inhalation
injection
topical
trasndermal

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15
Q

parenteral

A

drug administration that does not us the Gi tract
delivers more directly to the target site
more predictable drug quantity

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16
Q

parenteral inhalation advantages

A

rapid onset
direct application fro respiratory disorders
large surface area for absorption

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17
Q

inhalation disadvantages

A

chance of tissue irriatation

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18
Q

parenteral injections advantages

A

provided more direct administration to target tissues
fast

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19
Q

injection disadvantages

A

chance of infraction is sterility is not maintained

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20
Q

intro arterial injection

A

directly into an artery

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21
Q

subcutaneous injection

A

injecting medications directly beneath the skin for locate response

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22
Q

the SC route can also be used when a drug needs

A

it be slowly dispersed from the injection site and absorbed into the bloodstream for several weeks or months

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23
Q

intramuscular injection

A

easily accessible
steady, prolonged release
repaid effect

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24
Q

iontophoresis and photophoresis

A

use the transdermal route

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25
Q

iontophoresis

A

electric current driver th ionized for of medication thru the skin

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26
Q

phonophoresis

A

uses ultrasound waves to enhance transmission of medication thru the dermis

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27
Q

define bioavailability

A

the extent to which the drug reaches the systemic circulation

28
Q

bioavailability depends on

A

the route of administration and the drugs ability to cross membrane barriers

29
Q

the cell membrane is so posed primarily of

A

lipids and proteins

30
Q

membrane lipids are..

A

phospholipids which are composed of polar, hydrophilic head and a lipid , hydrophobic tail

31
Q

membrane proteins exist where

A

in the outer or inner portion of the methane

32
Q

lipid soluble compounds..

A

are able to pass directly thru the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

33
Q

the ability of a substance to pass thru a specific pore depends on

A

the size, shape and electrical charge of molecule

34
Q

passive diffusion

A

does no use energy
charged particles , chemical, and pressure difference on the 2 sides of the membrane

35
Q

the rate of passive diffusion depends on

A

the magnitude of the gradient, size of substance, distance and temp

36
Q

the second essential factor for passive diffusion to occur is that

A

the membrane must be permeable to the diffusion substances

37
Q

many drug are ..

A

lipid soluble

38
Q

drugs will diffuse more easily thru the lipid belayer if they are

A

non-ionized
ionization decreases their lipid solubility

39
Q

ph 1-3

A

acidic

40
Q

ph 5-7

A

neutral

41
Q

ph 7-8

A

base

42
Q

When a weak acid drug is in an acidic environment it tends to be

A

in its neutral, no ionized form

43
Q

when a weak base is ionized in the acidic environment once it reaches the duodenum

A

is become nonionized and lipid soluble allowing it to be absorbed from the proximal small intestine

44
Q

diffusion trapping

A

wants the drug to be ionized in the urine or the body can get rid of the drug, by if it becomes nonionized while in the nephron it may be reabsorebed

45
Q

if the urine is basic

A

weka acids drugs are trapped in the nephron and get ride of fast

46
Q

if the urine is acidic

A

weak bases are excreted better

47
Q

diffusion between cell junctions

A

primary way that a drug may diffuse across the barrier by first into and then out of the other side

48
Q

define osmosis

A

refers to win the diffusing substance is water

49
Q

when osmosis happens ..

A

the water moves from an area where it si highly concentrated to an area of low concentration

50
Q

active transport

A

use membrane proteins to transport substances across the cell membrane

51
Q

does active transport need energy?

A

yes

52
Q

characteristics of active transport

A

carrier specificity
expenditure of energy (ATP hydrolysis)
can transport substances against a concentration gradient

53
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

has features of both active transport and passive diffusion
assist in protein carrier but no net energy

54
Q

best example of facilitated diffusion

A

glucose into the skeletal muscle cells

55
Q

endocytosis

A

transport substances across their membranes

56
Q

exocytosis

A

substances synthesized within the cell can be encapsulated in vesicles and put out of the cell

57
Q

factors affection distribution

A

tissue permeability
blood flow
binding to plasma proteins
binding to sub cellular components

58
Q

volume of distribution

A

if the number is high than the volume in ur blood is high and not in the tissue

59
Q

drugs storage sites

A

adipose
bone
muscle
organs

60
Q

primary organs for drug storage

A

liver and kidneys

61
Q

what is the primary site for drug storage

A

adipose tissue bc a lot of lipids and many drugs are lipid soluable

62
Q

adverse consequences of drug storage

A

high concentration of drugs within the tissue can cause local damage to liver and kidneys

63
Q

drug storage occurs when a reservoir

A

soaks up the drug and prevents in from reaching the target site

64
Q

nanotechnology

A

involves the use of very small particles with physical properties that help drug absorption within the body

65
Q

is volume distribution is less than the total body fluid content then..

A

the drug is retainined in the blood stream due to factors such as plasma protein binding

66
Q

if volume distribution is high than the total body fluid then..

A

it indicated that the drug is being concentrated in the tissues

internal medicine (5 decks)

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