Pharmacognosy Flashcards
The usual source of tannins from plants is from the
Barks/stems
A glucosan yield glucose units on hydrolysis. While inulin is a ______.
Fructosan
Ethanol and citric acid are produced by the cellular respiration of carbohydrates, especially
Glucose
Because mannitol is absorbed from the GIT and parenterally is not metabolized, then it is used as:
Osmotic diuretic
This gum has pseudo-plastic property to enable ointments to hold their shape and spread readily.
Xanthan
The general steps in the preparation of crude drugs
Collection, Harvesting, Drying, Garbling, Packaging, storage and preservation
Usual source of fixed oils
Seeds
Antidote for alkaloidal poisoning
Tannic acid
The most important of the opium alkaloids
Morphine
The red-colored product formed when tannins are treated with hydrolytic agents is known as
Phlobaphenes
Most widely used alkaloid
Codeine
Tannins have the ability to precipitate ______ which is utilized in vegetable tanning which converts animal hides to leather.
Proteins
Among the anthraquinone glycosides, this is not employed as cathartic because it is too irritating to use
Chrysarobin
Ethiodized oil is an iodine addition product of ethyl ester of the fatty acid of
Poppy seed
The alkaloid present in Rauwolfia
Reserpine
The alkaloid formed by the acetylation of morphine
Heroin
Volatile oils present in Vick’s vaporub
Menthol
Camphor
Thymol
Cineole or Eucalyptol
This alkaloid is employed in ophthalmology to treat glaucoma
Eserine aka Physostigmine
One of the ff is not a medicinal balsam Storax Benzoin Styrax Tolu Methyl salicylate
Methyl salicylate
If indian hemp is cannabis; then black Indian hemp is
Apocynum
The alkaloid in the form of syrup is used in the treatment of drug overdose in certain poisonings
Ipecac
The product formed by the action of nitric acid on rectified turpentine oil in the presence of alcohol is
Terpinol
The principal cinchona alkaloid employed therapeutically as anti-protozoal drug
Quinine
The main therapeutic use of methoxsalen, a lactone glycoside
Repigmentation
Sodium morrhuate is the sodium salt of the fatty acid of
Cod
Cod liver oil is from the fresh liver of
Gadus morrhua
Paregoric is also known as
Camphorated opium tincture
Menthol is the active constituent present in
Peppermint
Lemon oil that has _____ odor must not be used or dispensed
Terebinthinate
These are lipid metabolites formed in the body of animals from unsaturated fatty acids of the diet
Prostaglandin
Mercuric Iodide, Potassium Iodide and water are the composition of
Mayer’s reagent
Classified as an alcohol glycoside: Salicin Gentisin Cantharidin Entadin
Salicin
These are antigenic substances capable of sensitizing the body in such a way that unusual responses occur in hypersensitive individuals
Allergen
This test is used to determine the presence of proteins and involves the reaction of the benzene nucleus in the protein molecules yielding a deep yellow ppt as positive result
Xanthoproteic test
This is a solid vegetable oil
Theobroma
The coloring matter in plants
Plant pigments
It is a liquid animal fat
Cod liver oil
Blue-black color may indicate the presence of
Hydrolysable tannins
The pathologic product of sperm whale
Ambergris (used in perfumery)
The terpenes found in volatile oils, as well as other plant products, like steroids, carotenoids, amyrinsand rubber are collectively known as
Isoprenoids
This refers to the evaluation by means of the organs of sense and includes macroscopic appearance of drugs
Organoleptic
The process of removing sufficient moisture to ensure good keeping qualities.
Drying
Source of arbutin, a phenol containing glycoside.
Bear berry or uva ursi
Uva ursi or bear berry is the dried leaf of
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
The most widely occurring sterol
Cholesterol
The principal sterol in fungi
Ergosterol
In the enfleurage method, the fatty acid product impregnated with the floral odor is called
Pomade
Limonene has the configuration
Two double bonds and one cycle
Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpene
Ascaridol, a volatile oil constituent obtained from the chenopodium oil is a/an
Oxide
In general, alkaloids may be identified by
Specific rotation
Solubility in various solvents
Color reactions with specified reagents
This does not possess narcotic properties and is therefore sometimes called anarcotic
Noscapine
It is a uterine stimulating fraction and it is relatively free from action on other smooth muscle
Oxytocin or alpha-hypophamine
This regulates the threshold for resorption of water by the epithelium of the renal tubules
Vasopressin or beta-hypophamine
These are resinous mixtures that contain cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or both or esters of these acids
Balsams
A mixture of protein-digesting and milk clotting enzymes obtained from the juice of the pineapple plant
Bromelain
The blue color of the oil of chamomile, an inherent property of the oil when freshly distilled, is due to
Chamazulene
C15H18
The ff employs expression as a method of volatile oil extraction except Sponge process Ecuelle method Machine process Enfleurage
Enfleurage
In percolation with volatile solvents as a method of volatile oil extraction, the volatile solvent is removed by vacuum distillation and the resulting products is known as
Concretes
After separating the waxes from the volatile oil, the resulting product is known as
Absolutes
A class of proteins which are characterized by solubility in water and in diluted aqueous salt solutions
Albumins
- Globulins are insol in water and sol in dilute salt soln
- Glutelins are sol in both
The ff are properties of the hydrolysable tannins except
(1) dark green color with ferric chloride
(2) gallic acid when heated result to formation of pyrogallol
(3) no ppt with bromine water
(4) pyrogallol give soluble compounds with lead acetate
(1)
Parent nucleus of chlorophylls
Porphine
Chemical classes of sapogenin include/s
Steroid (neutral saponins)
Triterpenoid (acid saponins)
The ff are true for chlorophyll A except
(1) chlorophyll A has a methyl substituent attached to the top right-hand pyrrole ring
(2) chlorophyll A occur in ferns, mosses, and algae
(3) the ratio of chlorophyll A to B is 3:1 and there is no ready interconversion between them
(2)
Solvent commonly used for extraction of chlorophyll from leaves
Acetone
Derivatives of manelonitrile
Cyanophore glycosides
The ff are properties of nonhydrolyzable tannins except
(1) bluish to black color with ferric chloride
(2) contain phloroglucinol nucleus in part
(3) precipitated by bromine water
(4) yield catechol when heated
(1)
To convert an alkaloid salt into a free base, the ff should be added
Aqueous alkali such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or lime
These are the common red to blue pigments of flower petals
Anthocyanins
Which glycoside yield allyl isothiocyanate as one of the products of hydrolysis
Sinigrin
Major carotenoids in plants except B-carotene Lycopene A-carotene Gossypol
Gossypol
Most of the glycosides are subject to hydrolysis, resulting in the cleavage of glycosidic linkages, by:
Acid or enzyme
Glycosides that represent the group of bound poisons
Cyanophore
Glycoside that yield HCN as one of the products of hydrolysis
Amygdalin
Which of the ff is classified as alcoholic glycoside Salicin Glucovanillin Prunasin Arbutin
Salicin
Glycoside that yield a phenolic compound as one of its products of hydrolysis
Arbutin
The conversion of papaverine into papaveroline is a ______ type of reaction
Demethylation
A rare type of alkaloid
Quaternary
Each of the ff volatile oils has a hydrocarbon as major constituent except Turpentine oil Lemon oil Pepper oil Rose oil
Rose oil - contains geraniol, (-) citronellol, and nerol which are alcohol volatile oils
The conversion of morphine into apomorphine is a _______ type of reaction
Dehydration
Each of the ff volatile oils has an aldehyde as a major constituent except Ceylon cinnamon oil Lemon oil Camphor oil Cassia cinnamon oil
Camphor is a ketone volatile oil
These are natural or induced solid or semisolid exudations from plants or from insects feeding on plants
Resins
Specific glycoside obtained from Coccus cacti
Carminic acid
Alkaloids are liberated from their salts by addition of aqueous alkali such as
Sodium carbonate
Sodium bicarbonate
Lime
Scientific name of Neem, used as insecticide and bitter
Azadirachta indica
These are esters of high molecular, monohydric alcohols and high molecular fatty acid
Waxes
The plant material is treated with ammonium hydroxide in order to
Convert alkaloidal salts into free base
Theophylline is classified as
Xanthine
Anti-acne principle synthesized from castor oil
Azeleic acid
Flavonoid found in yellow flower pigments
Chalcones
Menstruum used to extract solanine from potatoes
Acetic acid
Glycoside found in garlic which possess anti-platelet, antimicrobial and anti-rheumatic properties
Allicin
These are esters consisting of glycerol in combination with fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and certain nitrogenous compounds
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are categorized as
Lecithins
Cephalins
Sphignomyelins
Glycosidic principle obtained from fish berries, Cocculus indicus formerly used as an analeptic
Picrotoxin
A french pharmacist collaborates with Pelletier in the discovery of Quinine which has become worldwide treatment of malaria
Joseph Caventou
Drugs classified accdg to the natural relationship among plants and animals
Taxonomic classification
Generally accepted medicinal use of tannins
Astringent
Cocaine has a long duration of local anesthetic action because it is a
Vasoconstrictor
Quinoline alkaloid employed for malaria
Quinine
Most important monosaccharide found in plants
Hexoses
It reacts with iodine to form a deep blue complex
Amylose
The only local anesthetic that causes vasoconstriction
Cocaine
It reacts with iodine to form a blue-violet or purple color
Amylopectin
The paste forming properties of starch are due to this constituent
Amylopectin
Plant acid isolates in crystal form from lemon by Scheele in 1784
Citric acid
The characteristic bitter flavor of beer is due to
Lupulus
Purified water soluble mixture of glycosides extracted from cascara
Casanthranol
Animal used in the biological assay of digitalis for its potency
Pigeon
A phytochemist who made a number of significant discoveries including codeine and isolation of narcotine
Pierre Robiquet
A German pharmacist who isolated hyoscyamine with fellow Philip Geigner
Rudolf Brandes
Enzymes that hydrolyze a considerable number of glycosides
Emulsin and myrosin
Known as the first broad-spectrum antibiotic discovered
Chloramphenicol
It destroys red blood corpuscles by hemolysis and are toxic especially to cold-blooded animals
Saponin glycosides
Stearoptenes
Menthol
Thymol
Anethole
The ff are characteristics of volatile oils except
(1) miscible with water
(2) odorous principles
(3) optically active
(4) resinify
(1)
A type of distillation applied to plant material that is dried and not subject to injury by boiling
Water distillation
Known as alligator pear, its pulverized seeds can be used to treat rheumatism and neuralgia
Persea americana (avocado)
The purified fatlike substance obtained from the wool of sheep
Lanolin
Scientific name of kintsay
Apium graveolens
It contains kuskus oil and is known as moras
Vetiveria zizanioides
Citral is an
Aldehyde volatile oil
The active constituent of Capsicum frutescens
Capsaicin
A drying agent used to purify essential oils
Anhydrous calcium sulfate
The ff are tests for saponin glycosides except Barfoed's Hemolysis test Capillary test Froth test
Barfoed’s is test to differentiate monosaccharide from disaccharides
It is a purified carbohydrate product obtained from the inner rind of citrus fruits
Pectin
