Pharmacogenetics Flashcards
Genetic variation that causes phenotypic variation in _____ between humans becomes important clinically every time you write a prescription.
drug responses
Define pharmacodynamics.
the response of the drug binding to its targets and downstream targets, such as receptors, enzymes, or metabolic pathways
A frameshift mutation in CYP2D6 results in ______.
no activity
What is the mechanism for G6PD drugs?
X-linked enzymes
Name 2 ways pharmacokinetics is broken down further into ways that drugs are metabolized through biotransformations.
1) phase 1 (increase solubility) 2) phase 2 (easier excretion)
The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes encode important enzymes that are very active _____ and to a lesser extent _____.
in the liver; in the epithelium of the small intestine
TMPT drugs?
6-mercaptopurine; 6-thioguanine
A missense mutation in CYP2D6 results in ______.
reduced activity
_________ is the study of differences in drug response due to allelic variation in genes affecting drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity.
Pharmacogenetics
______ that causes phenotypic variation in drug responses between humans becomes important clinically every time you write a prescription.
Genetic variation
Pharmacogenetics is the study of differences in drug response due to allelic variation in genes affecting _________.
drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity
_______ is concerned with the assessment of common genetic variants in the aggregate for their impact on the outcome of drug therapy.
Pharmacogenomics
________ is required to convert codeine into morphine.
CYP2D6
The rate at which the body absorbs, transports, metabolizes, or excretes drugs or their metabolites is called _________.
pharmacokinetics
________ are involved in the Phase I metabolism of ~90% of all commonly used medications.
The CYP families (CYP1, CYP2, CYP3)
CYP3A inhibitors?
ketoconazole; grapefruit juice
Pharmacogenetics is the study of ______ due to allelic variation in genes affecting drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity.
differences in drug response
Copy number alleles mutation in CYP2D6 results in ______.
increased/superfast activity
Pharmacokinetics is concerned with ______ reaches the target(s) and pharmacodynamics is concerned with _____ successfully reaches its target.
whether or how much drug; what happens when the drug
How do phase 1 pharmacokinetics work?
attach a polar group onto the compound to make it more soluble; usually a hydroxylation step
The CYP families (CYP1, CYP2, CYP3) are particularly active including six genes that are involved in the Phase I metabolism of ______ medications.
90% of all commonly used
Two major areas of drug response that involve variation are?
1) pharmacokinetics 2) pharmacodynamics
G8PD deficient individuals are susceptible to ________ after drug exposures.
hemolytic anemia
NAT drugs?
isoniazid for TB
