PharmacoDYNAMICS Flashcards
Define: THERAPUTIC EFFECT
What we want to see/happen
Define: SIDE EFFECT
Effect that is secondary to the intended effect… that may be good OR bad
Define: ADVERSE EFFECT
Effect that is UNINTENDED and UNWANTED. This includes not producing a desired clinical effect.
The study and monitoring of adverse effects is called
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Define: TOXIC EFFECT
Responses to a RX that are harmful to the health or life of the animal
Drug action can be divided into these 2 categories:
PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS
BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
Osmotic Diuretics, Antacids (direct neutralizes), and Radioactive Iodine are in what drug action category?
PHYSICAL
these molecules move through the body dragging water with them by osmosis until they are excreted.
OSMOTIC DIURETICS
Given orally they directly interact with acid in the GI tract, a form of physiologic antagonism.
ANTACIDS (direct neutralizes)
The iodine is actively concentrated in the thyroid (as all iodine is) and the radiation will destroy all tissue within 2-3mm causing focal, controlled destruction
Radioactive Iodine
What are Biological Interactions?
Receptors (signal-transduction) – specific recognition sites for a ligand
Ionotropic receptors
Open when ligand binds, RX binding can open the receptor OR antagonize (keeping it closed), Fast transmission– Nicotinic Ach
Metabotropic receptors
G-Protein coupled receptor/7TM
- Receptor on outside that RX binds to > G-proteins on inside then talk to GTP > GTP tells them what to do depending on signal muscarinic Act/PNS
- Slow secreting
- Smooth Muscle
Kinase-coupled receptor
Talks to the outside
-Signal talks directly to enzyme
-NO G PROTEIN
(insulin and other hormones)
Nuclear receptors / Transcription factor receptors
- Found in cytoplasm
- Bind to ligand > go into nucleus > effect DNA > Initiate transcription
__________: is an increase in the number of receptors resulting in an increase in the effect of the drug
UP-REGULATION
__________: a reduction in effect. Can occur as part of developing tolerance. More common normal metabolic effect from body
DOWN-REGULATION
Agonist
-Mimics the effect of the endogenous ligand
_______: binds to the receptor to elicit a maximal response
FULL AGONIST
_______: cannot reach strongest effect. Prevents anything else from binding to receptor while its “docked” there. Lower efficacy.
PARTIAL AGONST
The “Ceiling Effect” is…
Can’t reach max effect aka partial agonist
will bind to the receptor and cause the opposite effect as the endogenous ligand would (note that this is different from an antagonist
REVERSE AGONST
Antagonist (or ‘neutral agonist’)
Binds to the receptor but does nothing on its own, however it sits there and prevents anything else (like an agonist) from binding and thus blocks the receptor.
What is Competitive antagonism?
RX binds to where something should be… blocking receptor.
Whatever is higher in concentration will win and bind to receptor
What is Non-Competitive Antagonism?
Changes receptor that blocks it ability to bind to the normal ligand. Doesn’t matter who is in higher concentration
Non-Receptor Antagonism:
- Chemical
- Physical
- ADME
_________: Acts as an agonist in one type of receptors and as an antagonist on other types of receptors
Mixed agonist-antagonist
Efficacy
Max effect a RX can have
Potency
2 RX’s can have the same efficacy, but comparison of two drugs need to induce the same maximal effect
Onset of action
Time between admin of RX and its effect
AKA latent period
Duration of action
Time between effect and termination of effect
Define PharmacoDYNAMICS….
What the DRUG DOES to the animal
