PharmacoDYNAMICS

Question 1

Define: THERAPUTIC EFFECT

Answer 1

What we want to see/happen

Question 2

Define: SIDE EFFECT

Answer 2

Effect that is secondary to the intended effect… that may be good OR bad

Question 3

Define: ADVERSE EFFECT

Answer 3

Effect that is UNINTENDED and UNWANTED. This includes not producing a desired clinical effect.

Question 4

The study and monitoring of adverse effects is called

Answer 4

PHARMACOVIGILANCE

Question 5

Define: TOXIC EFFECT

Answer 5

Responses to a RX that are harmful to the health or life of the animal

Question 6

Drug action can be divided into these 2 categories:

Answer 6

PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS

BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

Question 7

Osmotic Diuretics, Antacids (direct neutralizes), and Radioactive Iodine are in what drug action category?

Answer 7

PHYSICAL

Question 8

these molecules move through the body dragging water with them by osmosis until they are excreted.

Answer 8

OSMOTIC DIURETICS

Question 9

Given orally they directly interact with acid in the GI tract, a form of physiologic antagonism.

Answer 9

ANTACIDS (direct neutralizes)

Question 10

The iodine is actively concentrated in the thyroid (as all iodine is) and the radiation will destroy all tissue within 2-3mm causing focal, controlled destruction

Answer 10

Radioactive Iodine

Question 11

What are Biological Interactions?

Answer 11

Receptors (signal-transduction) – specific recognition sites for a ligand

Question 12

Ionotropic receptors

Answer 12

Open when ligand binds, RX binding can open the receptor OR antagonize (keeping it closed), Fast transmission– Nicotinic Ach

Question 13

Metabotropic receptors

Answer 13

G-Protein coupled receptor/7TM

• Receptor on outside that RX binds to > G-proteins on inside then talk to GTP > GTP tells them what to do depending on signal muscarinic Act/PNS
• Slow secreting
• Smooth Muscle

Question 14

Kinase-coupled receptor

Answer 14

Talks to the outside
-Signal talks directly to enzyme
-NO G PROTEIN
(insulin and other hormones)

Question 15

Nuclear receptors / Transcription factor receptors

Answer 15

• Found in cytoplasm

- Bind to ligand > go into nucleus > effect DNA > Initiate transcription

Question 16

__________: is an increase in the number of receptors resulting in an increase in the effect of the drug

Answer 16

UP-REGULATION

Question 17

__________: a reduction in effect. Can occur as part of developing tolerance. More common normal metabolic effect from body

Answer 17

DOWN-REGULATION

Question 18

Agonist

Answer 18

-Mimics the effect of the endogenous ligand

Question 19

_______: binds to the receptor to elicit a maximal response

Answer 19

FULL AGONIST

Question 20

_______: cannot reach strongest effect. Prevents anything else from binding to receptor while its “docked” there. Lower efficacy.

Answer 20

PARTIAL AGONST

Question 21

The “Ceiling Effect” is…

Answer 21

Can’t reach max effect aka partial agonist

Question 22

will bind to the receptor and cause the opposite effect as the endogenous ligand would (note that this is different from an antagonist

Answer 22

REVERSE AGONST

Question 23

Antagonist (or ‘neutral agonist’)

Answer 23

Binds to the receptor but does nothing on its own, however it sits there and prevents anything else (like an agonist) from binding and thus blocks the receptor.

Question 24

What is Competitive antagonism?

Answer 24

RX binds to where something should be… blocking receptor.

Whatever is higher in concentration will win and bind to receptor

Question 25

What is Non-Competitive Antagonism?

Answer 25

Changes receptor that blocks it ability to bind to the normal ligand. Doesn’t matter who is in higher concentration

Question 26

Non-Receptor Antagonism:

Answer 26

• Chemical
• Physical
• ADME

Question 27

_________: Acts as an agonist in one type of receptors and as an antagonist on other types of receptors

Answer 27

Mixed agonist-antagonist

Question 28

Efficacy

Answer 28

Max effect a RX can have

Question 29

Potency

Answer 29

2 RX’s can have the same efficacy, but comparison of two drugs need to induce the same maximal effect

Question 30

Onset of action

Answer 30

Time between admin of RX and its effect

AKA latent period

Question 31

Duration of action

Answer 31

Time between effect and termination of effect

Question 32

Define PharmacoDYNAMICS….

Answer 32

What the DRUG DOES to the animal