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Pharmacy Stage 2 > Pharmaceutics - Tableting and Roller Compacting > Flashcards

Pharmaceutics - Tableting and Roller Compacting Flashcards

1
Q

what are advantages of tablets?

A
  • Portable and convenient.
  • Accurate dosing.
  • Large GI surface area for drug absorption.
  • Solid dosage form stable.
  • Scalable for mass production.
  • MR formulations.
  • Excellent patient acceptability
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2
Q

what are the disadvantages of tablets?

A
  • Degradation by pH or enzyme in GI tract.
  • Not suitable if patient unconscious or dysphagic.
  • Difficult to withdraw therapy.
  • Food effects on drug absorption
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3
Q

what are the types of tablets based on their mode of administration?

A

oral
effervescent
sublingual
buccal

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4
Q

what are the types of tablets based on their release profile?

A 
IR (Immediate Release)
ME (Modified Release)
DR (Delayed Release)
ER (Extended Release)
SR (Sustained Release)
CR (Controlled Release)
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5
Q

what do all medicines typically contain?

A
  1. Drug
  2. Filler
  3. Binder
  4. GLidant
  5. Lubricant
  6. Anti-adherent
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6
Q

What other excipients do IR tablets have besides the norm in other drugs?

A

disintegrants and coating

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7
Q

What other excipients do MR tablets have besides the norm in other drugs?

A

coating and matrix former

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8
Q

what is wet granulation?

A

Aggregation of primary particles using binder solution.

two types: (Shear granulation, fluidised bed granulation)

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9
Q

what is dry granulation?

A

Aggregation of primary particles using solid binders.

two types: (Slugging or roller compaction followed by milling)

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10
Q

what is direct compression?

A

Compaction of primary particles on tablet press without the need of granulation. Uses dry binders and cohesive powder

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11
Q

Explain the dry granulation technique and give an example of one?

A
  • dry granulation is the compaction of powders into a ribbon which is then milled into granules.
  • an example is roller compaction
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12
Q

what are the different compartments of a roller compaction and describe their roles?

A
  • Feeder unit: feeds powder to compaction rollers.
  • Compaction unit: Pair of rollers rotating in opposite directions compact powder into ribbon.
  • Size reduction unit: Mills compacted ribbon into granules.
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13
Q

what is a single-station tablet press?

A
  • a device driven by an eccentric motor with a low throughput (i.e. doesn’t make many tablets).
  • it compresses the powders then ejects them as tablets
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14
Q

what is a multi-station (rotary) tablet press?

A
  • a tablet press driven by rolls and cams
  • presses the powder on a rotating turret to form a tablet on ejection
  • has a high throughput
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15
Q

explain the compaction cycle?

A
  1. Filling
  2. Compression
  3. Ejection
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16
Q

what are the types of tablet defects?

A
  1. Capping: Top of tablet separates from main body.
  2. Lamination: Tablet body separates into layers.
  3. Cracking: Capping and/or lamination.
  4. Mottling: Uneven surface colour distribution.
  5. Chipping: Material removed from edges of friable tablets.
  6. Sticking: Powder adheres to punches.
  7. Picking: Embossed detail removed from tablet surface.
17
Q

what causes cracking in tablets?

A

-Air entrapment;
-inadequate dwell time;
-excessive die wall
friction.

18
Q

what causes mottling in tablets?

A
  • Inadequate mixing;

- solute migration.

19
Q

what causes sticking of tablets?

A

Adhesive powder.

20
Q

what is the solution to cracking?

A

-Pre-compression;
-tapered die;
-increase
dwell time;
-lubrication

21
Q

what is the solution to mottling?

A
  • Adequate mixing;
  • avoid static bed drying;
  • coating.
22
Q

what is the solution to sticking?

A

-Anti-adherent;
-non-stick coating of punches;
-increase dwell time;
-particle size and
humidity control.

23
Q

what is an osmotic system?

A

when the drug is forced through the orifice in the tablet coating by hydrostatic pressure

24
Q

what is a gastroretentive dosage form?

A

one which is retained in the stomach for drug release

25
Q

what is therapeutic threshold?

A

Minimum plasma concentration that produces a therapeutic effect.

26
Q

what is Toxicity threshold?

A

Minimum plasma concentration that

produces a toxic effect.

27
Q

what is therapeutic window?

A

Range of plasma concentration between therapeutic threshold and toxicity threshold.

28
Q

what is plasma half-life?

A

Time taken for drug concentration in plasma to halve (t1/2).

29
Q

what is clearance?

A

Removal of drug from plasma, responsible for

decline in plasma drug concentration and thus t1/2.

30
Q

what is duration of action?

A

Time plasma concentration remains in therapeutic window.

31
Q

what are some advantages of using extended release formulations?

A
  1. Extend t1=2.
  2. Keep plasma concentration within therapeutic window.
  3. Increase duration of action.
  4. Reduce dosing frequency.
  5. Improve medication adherence.
  6. Enhance therapeutic outcome.
32
Q

what types of drugs are extended release formulations more suited for?

A
  1. drugs with short half life in the immediate release form

2. drugs with a narrow therapeutic window

33
Q

what is a disadvantage of using extended release drugs?

A

causes dose dumping

34
Q

what is dose dumping?

A

when a significantly larger dose fraction than

intended is released over a short duration, leading to initial overdosing and subsequent under dosing.

35
Q

when does a drug become toxic?

A

when the plasma concentration of the drug exceeds the toxicity
threshold.

36
Q

what can cause dose dumping?

A
  1. Alcohol consumption (as it can dissolve the excipient controlling the drug release rate hence causing a large amount of drug to be released at once)
  2. incorrect use of the ER tablets (splitting, chewing, crushing), which destroys the mechanism for controlling the drug release rate

Pharmacy Stage 2 (85 decks)

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