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FPGOP > Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical Technology > Flashcards

Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical Technology Flashcards

1
Q

what are excpients

A

inert or inactive substances added in the manufacturing process.

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2
Q

role of excipients

A

-palable
-enhance patient compliance and acceptability
-faciliutate the handling ,preparation and usage of pharmaceutical products

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3
Q

Binders

A

-they are added to produce the mechanical strength of drug filler mixture.
-added to granules,tablets
-they assist the flow of granules
-they impact adhesion and cohesiveness on powders

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4
Q

examples of binders include

A

gum
starch
sucrose
gelatin mucilages
polymeric substances

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5
Q

what are disintegrants

A

added to compostion of a tablet or capsule to ensure that it can be broken up into fragments to improve drug dissolution

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6
Q

examples of disnitegrants include

A

maize starch
cellulose
sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose

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7
Q

suspending/thickening agents

A

-increase the viscosity of the dispersion medium to reduce the rate of sedimentation of particles and ensure uniform withdrawal of doses

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8
Q

what is the common example of suspending agent

A

Tragacanth

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9
Q

what are Glidants?

A

substances added to assist the uniform flow of granules and powders during tableting and into capsules.

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10
Q

some poplular examples of glidants include

A

talc
magnesium stearate
at 1-2% w/w

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11
Q

what are lubricants?

A

they prevent friction btw the powders and metal surfaces.
eg is magnesium stearate

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12
Q

what are stabilizers

A

added to enhance the stability of the dosage forms and minimize degradation. eg includes surfactants

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13
Q

surfactants are?

A

surface active agents that are absorbed causing a marked reduction of surface tensions.

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14
Q

critical micelle concentration

A

where surfactants form lamella structures to bring about stabilization of the dispersed systems

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15
Q

what is an amphipatic molecule

A

molecule that has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

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16
Q

what are diluents(bulking agent)

A

they increase the bulk volume of powders and size of tablets
-used in potent drugs with narrow therapeutic window

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17
Q

examples of diluents include

A

lactose
sucrose
mannitol
sorbitol
calcium phosphate
calcium hydrogen phosphate
microcrystalline cellulose
dextrose

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18
Q

viscosity enhancing agents

A

-consists of hydrophilic polymeric substances
-used to enhance a palatable preparation, flow properties, ease of pouring through orifices

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19
Q

examples of viscosity enhancing agents

A

providone
hydroethylcellulose
carbomer
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

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20
Q

sweeting/flavoring/perfume agents are used to

A

mask unpleasant taste,odour
eg include fruit juices,aromatic oils(peppermint and lemon plant spices)

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21
Q

colouring agents

A

used to improve attractiveness and ease of identification of the product

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22
Q

examples of natural colours include

A

Chlorophyll
carotenoids
anthocyanins
riboflavines
caramel
beetroot

-unstable because of variability in stability and chemical compostion

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23
Q

synthetic colours include

A

dyes and salts

24
Q

emulsifying agents

A

substances added to achieve emulsification and stabilty of dispersed system

25
hydrophilic macromolecular colloids consists of
acacia,tragacanth,gums,starches
26
function of acacia is
stabilizes oil in water
27
what are suspending agents
sunstances added to increase the viscosity of the continous phase
28
wetting agents
they reduce interfacial tension btw solid particles and liquid
28
preservatives
used to protect pharmaceutical products,foods and materials against microbial spoilage
29
examples of preservatives include
benzoic acid sodium benzoate methyl paraben propyl paraben quaternary ammonium compounds
30
what are buffering agents
substances added to maintain chemical stabilty,control tonicity and ensure physiological compatibility
31
what is the PH of most body fluids
7.4 hence injections ,eye drops and nasal drops should be buffered to thsi PH to avoid incompatibility or irritations
32
Miscallenous excipients include
density modifiers reducing agents antioxidant humectants stabilizers
33
what is stability?
extent to which a product retains within specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use the same properties and characteristics that it had at the time of manufacture.
34
what is shelf life
period of time that a pharmacuetical product is to retain its chemical,physical and microbiological stability if stored correctly. -it is the time taken for a drug to decay to 90% of its original conc
35
expiration date
date given on the packaging that represents the end of the shelf lufe
36
Factors that affect stability of pharmaceutical products
Temp-high temp accelerates chemical reactions PH-drugs are stable at PH 4-8 moisture-water catalyses chemical reactions Light-most drugs absorb UV light anf can lead to oxidation Oxygen-exposure to oxygen affects stability
37
what is an overage?
adding 10% to what is stated on the label
38
what is zero order reaction?
reaction where the reaction rate is not dependent on the conc of material.
39
what is first order?
the reaction rate of change K is proportional to drug conc
40
classification of degradative pathways
-physical-changes in physical proeprties such as product appearance or reducing its effectiveness. -chemical-most critical factor, max reduction of 90% of theeoretical value is accepted
41
Hydrolysis
the breakage or cleavage of a molecular bond by reaction with water eg of drug molecules prone to hydrolytic degradation-esters,lactams,amide groups
42
Hydrolytic degradation of aspirin produces?
Salicylic acid and acetic acid
43
Hydrolytic degradation can be catalysed by
Hydrogen(H+) OR Hydroxyl(-OH) ions
44
steps to prevent hydrolysis
-including buffering agents to stabilize PH -inclusion of surfactants -prep of an insoluble salt form of the drug -Formation of molecular complexes with esters -replacement of water with alcohol or prolyhydroxyl solvents -modification of chemical structures
45
what is oxidation
it is the removal of an electron from a molecule
46
initiation stage of oxidation
where free radicals are formed RH- R. + H
47
Propagation stage
there is a marked increase in the conc of free radicals R + O2 -RO2 RO2. + RH -ROOH + R.
48
Termination stage
depletion of O2 rate of reaction slows down and free radicals react to form un reactive end products
49
eg of drugs prone of oxidative degradation include
ascorbic vitamins steroids hydrocarbon bonds
50
ways to minimize oxidation of pharm products
-inclusion of reducing agents -replacmement of oxygen with suitable additives -PH adjustment -addition of antioxidants and chelating agents -photolysis
51
what is photolysis
when drug molecules absorb wavelength(300-400) of light and results in degradation of such molecules. eg of drugs prone to photolysis include-morphine,codeine,phenols,vitamin A and B.quinine,volatile and unstaurated oils
52
what is wet agglumeration
process of using a liquid binder to lightly agglomerate the powder mixtture. amount of liquid should be controlled as over wetting will make granules too hard and underwetting too soft.
53
what is dry granulation
this process creates granules by light compaction of the powder blend under low pressures
54
what is melt granulation
when powders are agglumeeated using binders that melt in the process . eg of binders used are beeswax,carnauba wax,poloxamers,polethylene glycols,parrafin wax,stearic acid,hydrogenated castor oil.
55

FPGOP (8 decks)

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