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FPGOP > Clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice > Flashcards

Clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice Flashcards

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1
Q

What is malaria?

A

It is a parasitic infection caused by plasmodium species

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2
Q

Which specie causes malaria in tropical Africa

A

Plasmodium falciparum others include p.ovale,p.vivax and p.malariae

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3
Q

Transmission of malaria?

A

It starts through the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of malaria

A

Fever
Headache
Chills
Sweating
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal discomfort

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5
Q

Classification of malaria

A

Acute uncomplicated

Severe malaria

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6
Q

Acute complicated

A

Objective is to cure the infection

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7
Q

Severe malaria

A

Primary objective is to prevent death
prevent the emergence and spread of resistance to anti malarial drugs ,tolerability

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8
Q

Diagnosis

A

Primary diagnosis is the presence of fever in the last 24hrs

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9
Q

Parasitological diagnosis include

A

Light microscopy and Rapid diagnostic test

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10
Q

treatment of uncomplicated p falciparum malaria

A

Artemether + lumefantrine

Artesunate + Amodiaquine

Artesunate +Mefloquine
Artesunate + Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine sp
Dihydroartemisine +piperaquine

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11
Q

Treatment of severe falciparum malaria

A

Artesunate iv,im or rectal for children
Artemether im
Quinine iv infusion or im injection
Doxycycline
Clindamycin

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12
Q

Malaria in pregnancy

A

Avoid Artemisinin based combination in1st trimester
Recommended treatment is quinine+clindamycin for 7days

2nd and 3rd trimesters-ACTS or Artesunate +clindamycin for 7days or quinine +clindamycin

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13
Q

Misuse of drug?

A

Is the irrational or irresponsible use of drug.

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14
Q

what causes Typhoid fever

A

Gram negative salmonella typhi
it is an infection of the reticulo-endothelial system, intestinal lymphoid tissue and the gall bladder.

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15
Q

Transmission of typhoid fever

A

transmitted through the feco-oral route as a result of poor personal and food hygiene.

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of Typhoid include

A

-ingestion of contaminated food or water
-salmonella bacteria invades the small intestine and enters the blood stream
-it is then carried by white blood cells into the liver, spleen and bone marrow
-it multiplies and re enters the blood stream
-Bacteria then invades the gall bladder,billiary system and lymphatic tissue of the bowel and multiply in high numbers
-it then passes through the intestinal tract and can be detected for diagnosis in labs.

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17
Q

symptoms of Typhoid fever

A

-Lethargy
poor appetite
fever(39-40 degrees)
Diarrhoea
constipation
chest congestion
abdominal pain and discomfort are common
headaches
slow heart beat
vomiting

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18
Q

Diagnosis of Typhoid

A

prolonged fever,rashes,bradycardia and leucopenia
PCR on peripheral mononuclear cells
stoola nd urine cultures are positive in the 2nd week
blood cultures are positive in the 1st week
the confirmation is from bone marrow aspirate cultures

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19
Q

Differential diagnosis of Typhoid

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A

Malaria
viral hepatitis
tuberculosis

20
Q

Types of Typhoid Vaccines

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A

Injectable-TYPHIM-VI and TYPHIVAX: administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection for pt over 2yrs of age.

The live oral vaccine-TYPHORAL-given orally as one capsule a day,taken an hour before food with a glass of water or milk on the 1st,3rd and 5th day. Do not take natibiotics during this course. Immunity lasts for 3yrs, booster dose is required after 3yrs

21
Q

Treatment of Typhoid

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A

treatment is essential to prevent ut from progressing to Pneumonia, intestinal bleeding and perforation

22
Q

Drug treatment of Typhoid

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A

includes antibacterial therapy :
Amoxicillin
Fluroquinolones
Azithromycin
Ceftriaxone

23
Q

what is TETANUS and what is it caused by

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A

Tetanus is an infection of the wound caused by the bacteria clostridium tetani.
it usually occurs when in contact with the environment such as in the soil,dusst and animal waste
-the bacteria enters th body through puncture wounds caused by rusty nails, splinters,insect bites,burns and breaks in the skin.
Tetanus is more common in developing coutries as they have soil rich in organic matter

24
Q

What is incubation period

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A

it is the time from injury to the first symptom. Severe tetanus has an incubation period of less than 48hrs

25
Treatment of tetanus
-neutralization of unbound toxin with -human tetanus immunoglobin -prevention of further toxin production(wound debridement and antibiotics-metronidazole -control of spasms-anticonvulsants, protecting the airways, avoid unnecessary stimuli -supportive care-nutrition,hydration,treatment of secondary infection,prevention of bed sores
26
Prevention of tetanus
-active tetanus immunization -Immunization provides protection for 10yrs, give booster after every 10yrs -cleaning wounds thoroughly and cover to pevent infection.
27
what is meningitis
the infection of fluid in the spinal cord and fluid that surrounds the brain
28
Types of Meningitis
Viral Meningitis-self limiting,clears up within a week or 2 Bacterial Meningitis-results in bacteria invasion of mebrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, charcaterised by inflammed meninges
29
Bacteria meningitis is caused by
Haemophilus influenza type b Neisseria meningitides(Meningoccal meningitis) Streptococcus Pneumonia
30
Signs and symptoms of Meningitis
Headache high fever sensitivity to light seizures sleepiness confusion nausea and vomiting stiff neck petechiae that spreads rapidly
31
Diagnosis of meningitis
Lumbar puncture(spinal tap) and testing for bacteria growth in the spinal fluid
32
Severe complications of Meningitis could include
Brain damage coma death long term hearing loss mental retardment paralysis seizures
33
Drug treatment of meningitis
Antibiotic-only given if bacteria found,eg penicillinc, vancomycin,cephalosporins Steroids-Dexamethasone
34
Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease
-characterised by a crescent sickle shape red blood cell -it in an inherited disroder in which there is an abnormality in the haemoglobin molecule. there is substitution of glutamic acid by valine at the 6th position, - charged amino acid is replaced by neutral -this leads to abnormal functioning of the red blood cells and cause small blood clots(lead to recurrent painful episodes
35
Sickle cell disease is caused by
Haemoglobin S- this reduces the amount of oxygen inside the cells distoting their shape -the fragile sickle cell deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues and can breakninto pieces that disrupt blood flow.
36
What is haemoglobin?
it is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen
37
signs and symptoms of Sickle cell disease.
chest pain bone pain fatigue breathlessness jaundice rapid heart rate poor eyesight/blindness attacks on abdominal pain fever
38
diagnosis
haemoglobin electrophoresis sickle cell test reduced serum haemoglobin elevated bilirubin high white blood cell count elevated serum potassium CT scan MRI
39
Treatment of sickle cell disease
main goal of treatment is to manage and control symptoms and reduce the frequency of crises -supplementation of folic acid to help produce cells adequate hydration Bone marrow transplant
40
prevention of sickle cell disease or complications
Genetic counselling to all carriers of sickle cell trait prompt treatment of infections , adequate oxygenation and preventing dehydration
41
42
what is misuse of drugs?
misuse of drugs is irrational drug use or irresponsible drug use
43
Impact of misuse of medications include
-reduced quality of therapy which may lead to morbidity and mortality -waste of resources which leads to reduced availability and increased cost. -risk of unwanted effect leading to adverse reaction and bacterial resistance -pyschosocial impact;patients rely on unnecessary drugs.
44
what is Antimicrobial resistance?
it is the ability of a microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from having any effect on it.
45
what is Drug abuse?
it is the use of prescription drugs in nayway other than as prescribed by the doctor or prescriber
46
examples of pyschoactive drugs
codeine morphine pentazocine Tramadol
47

FPGOP (8 decks)

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