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NCM-106 > PHARMA first quiz > Flashcards

PHARMA first quiz Flashcards

1
Q

any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

A

Drug

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2
Q

study of poisons and unwanted responses to drugs and other chemicals

A

Toxicology

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3
Q

study or science of drugs

A

Pharmacology

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4
Q

study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body

A

Pharmaceutics

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5
Q

study of what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

A

Pharmacokinetics

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6
Q

study of what the drug does to the body; t he mechanism of drug actions in living tissues; drug- receptor relationships

A

Pharmacodynamics

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7
Q

focus on the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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8
Q

study of natural (versus synthetic) drug sources

A

Pharmacognosy

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9
Q

regarded as a branch of health economics which deals with identifying, measuring, and comparing the costs and consequences of pharmaceutical products and services

A

Pharmacoeconomics

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10
Q

list the types of drug names

A
  1. Chemical Name
  2. Generic Name
  3. Trade Name
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11
Q

describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular Structure

A

Chemical name

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12
Q

name given by the United States Adopted Names Council, shorter than chemical name; used as official listing of drugs

A

Generic name

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13
Q

drug registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner

A

Trade name

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14
Q

Drugs are classified by ?

A

Structure and Therapeutic Use

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15
Q

list the phases of drug activity

A
  1. Pharmaceutical Phase
  2. Pharmacokinetic Phase
  3. Pharmacodynamic Phase
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16
Q

disintegration of dosage form; dissolution of drug in body

what phase

A

Pharmaceutical Phase

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17
Q

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

what phase

A

Pharmacokinetic Phase

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18
Q

drug- receptor interaction

what phase

A

Pharmacodynamic Phase

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19
Q

list Pharmaceutic Phases

A
  1. Disintegration
  2. Dissolution
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20
Q

Drug absorption of various oral preparations (fastest to slowest)

list them

A

 Oral disintegration, buccal tablets, and oral soluble wafers
 Liquids, elixirs, and syrups
 Suspension solutions
 Powders
 Capsules
 Tablets
 Coated tablets
 Enteric-coated tablets

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21
Q
  1. Oral
  2. Sublingual (fastest in oral route) 3. Buccal
  3. Rectal (can also be topical)

what route

A

EnteralRoute

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22
Q
  1. Intravenous
  2. Intramuscular
  3. Subcutaneous
  4. Intradermal
  5. Intraarterial
  6. Intraarticular

what route

A

Parenteral Route

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23
Q
  1. Skin (including transdermal patches)
  2. Eyes
  3. Ears
  4. Nose
  5. Lungs (inhalation)
  6. Rectum
  7. Vagina
  8. Urethra
  9. Colon

what route

A

Topical Route

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24
Q

drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small
Intestine

A

Enteral Route

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25
Q

the term used for the hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation

A

First-pass Effect

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26
Q

list advantages of oral route

A

-convenient
-absorption
-cheap

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27
Q

list disadvantages of oral route

A

-sometimes inefficient
-first-pass effect
-irritation to gastric mucosa

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28
Q

 the dosage is placed under the tongue
 rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa

A

Sublingual Route

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29
Q

 the dosage is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch)
 absorbed by buccal mucosa

A

Buccal Route

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30
Q

 Bioavailability 100%
 Desired blood
 Concentrations achieved
 Large quantities
 Vomiting & Diarrhea
 Emergency situations
 First-pass avoided

fastest delivery into the blood circulation

A

Intravenous Route

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31
Q

 Absorption reasonably uniform  Rapid onset of action
 Mild irritants can be given
 First-pass avoided

A

Intramuscular Route

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32
Q

 Injected under the skin
 Absorption is slow, so action is
prolonged.

A

Subcutaneous Route

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33
Q

 Injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in inflamed joined cavities by experts.

A

Intraarticular Route

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34
Q

 Drug is given within skin layers (dermis)
 Painful
 Mainly used for testing sensitivity
to drugs

A

Intradermal Route

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35
Q

 Rarely used
 Anticancer drugs are given for
localized effects
 Drugs used for diagnosis of
peripheral vascular diseases

A

Intraarterial Route

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36
Q

 Application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin
 Includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane

A

Topical Route

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37
Q

 Absorption of drug through skin (systemic action)
 Stable blood levels
 No first-pass metabolism
 Drug must be potent or patch
becomes too large

A

Transdermal Route

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38
Q

list liberation release types

A

-immediate
-delayed
-extended

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39
Q

Describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form

A

Liberation

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40
Q

formulated to release the medicinal drug without delay

A

Immediate

41
Q

formulated to release medicinal drug sometime after it is taken

A

Delayed

42
Q

formulated to make the drug available over extended period

A

Extended

43
Q

Three Major Processes for Drug Absorption

A
  1. PassiveAbsorption
  2. ActiveAbsorption
  3. Pinocytosis
44
Q

the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

A

Distribution

45
Q

Major site for metabolism

A

Liver

46
Q

Major site for excretion

A

Kidney

47
Q

Factors that Decrease Metabolism

A
  1. Cardiovascular dysfunction
  2. Renal Insufficiency
  3. Starvation
  4. Obstructive Jaundice
48
Q

Factors that Increase Metabolism

A
  1. Barbiturate Therapy
  2. Rifampin Therapy
  3. Phenytoin Therapy
49
Q

The elimination of drugs from the body

A

Excretion

50
Q

The time it takes for one half (50%) of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body. A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body

A

Half-life

51
Q

the cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

A

Drug Actions

52
Q

the physiologic reaction of the body to the drug

A

Drug Effect

53
Q

Drug Effect includes ?

A
  1. Onset
  2. Peak
  3. Duration of action
54
Q

the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response or reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after administration

A

Onset

55
Q

the time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response; occurs when it reaches highest concentration in the blood

A

Peak

56
Q

the time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response; the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect

A

Duration of action

57
Q

Mechanisms of Action

A
  1. Receptor Interactions
  2. Enzyme Interactions
  3. Nonselective Interactions
58
Q

It is the body’s physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action

A

Dose-response Relationship

59
Q

refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug

A

Potency

60
Q

the point at which increasing a drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response

A

Maximal Efficacy

61
Q

describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug and the toxic dose of a drug; ratio of a drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits

A

Therapeutic Index

62
Q

the degree to which a drug attaches to and binds with a receptor

A

Affinity

63
Q

Drug binds to the receptor; there is response

what drug type

A

Agonist

63
Q

Drug binds to the receptor; the response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist

what drug type

A

Partial agonist

64
Q

Drug binds to the receptor; there is no response. Drug prevents binding of agonists

what drug type

A

Antagonist

65
Q

Drug competes with the agonist binding to the receptor. If it binds, there is no response

what drug type

A

Competitive antagonist

66
Q

Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect

what drug type

A

Noncompetitive antagonist

67
Q

It occurs when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters (inhibits or enhances) the enzyme’s interaction with its normal target molecules in the body

A

Enzyme Interactions

68
Q

Cholinergic Receptors are located in the ?

list them

A

 Bladder
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Stomach
 Bronchi
 Eyes.

69
Q

Three Different Receptors

A

-Alpha1
-Beta1
-Beta2

70
Q

Four Receptor Families

A
  1. Cell membrane-embedded enzymes
  2. Ligand-gated ion channels
  3. G protein-coupled receptor
    systems
  4. Transcription factors
71
Q

Types of Therapies

A
  1. Acute therapy
  2. Maintenance therapy
  3. Supplemental/replacement
    therapy
  4. Palliative therapy
  5. Supportive therapy
  6. Prophylactic therapy
  7. Empiric therapy
72
Q

Any characteristic of the patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the patient

A

Contraindications

73
Q

decreasing response to
repeated drug doses

A

Tolerance

74
Q

physiologic or psychological need for a drug

A

Dependence

75
Q

physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical Dependence

76
Q

known as addiction; obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug

A

Psychological Dependence

77
Q

two drugs with similar actions are given together (1 + 1 = 2)

A

Addictive Effect

78
Q

two drugs administered together interact in which their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone (1 + 1 = greater than 2)

A

Synergistic Effect

79
Q

occur when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately (1 + 1 = less than 2)

A

Antagonistic Effect

80
Q

two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs

A

Incompatibility

81
Q

any undesirable occurrence involving medications

A

Adverse Drug Events

82
Q

preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the “Rights” of medication use

A

Medication Error

83
Q

any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic drug dosages

A

Adverse Drug Reaction

84
Q

is genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug

A

Reaction

85
Q

effects of drugs result in structural defects in the fetus

A

Teratogenic

86
Q

effects results to permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms and consist of alterations in chromosome structure

A

Mutagenic

87
Q

cancer-causing effects of drugs, other chemicals, radiation, and viruses

A

Carcinogenic

88
Q

Four (4) Main Sources of Drugs

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Minerals
  4. Laboratory Synthesis
89
Q

testing in healthy subjects

what phase of clinical trial

A

Phase 1

90
Q

testing in healthy individuals with the diseases

what phase of clinical trial

A

Phase 2

91
Q

larger scale testing in individuals with the disease

what phase of clinical trial

A

Phase 3

92
Q

prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs

what act

A

Pure Food and Drug Acts

93
Q

require that drug products, both prescription and non prescription, must be pure, effective and safe

what act

A

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act of 1938

94
Q

allows FDA to set good manufacturing practices and mandated regular inspections of production facilities, transferred to FDA control of prescription drug advertising

A

Kefauver-Harris Amendment

95
Q

Negligence (giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the patient’s death

A

Misfeasance

96
Q

Omission (omitting a drug dose that results in the patient’s death)

A

Nonfeasance

97
Q

Giving correct drug via wrong route

A

Malfeasance

NCM-106 (2 decks)

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