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NCM-106 > ANS and Cardio > Flashcards

ANS and Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

the body’s primary nervous system and consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

located outside the brain and spinal cord, made up of two divisions: autonomic and somatic

A

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

acts on smooth muscles and glands. An involuntary nervous system over which we have little or no control

A

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

voluntary system that innervates skeletal muscle. over which there is control

A

somatic nervous system

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5
Q

the two sets of neurons in the autonomic component of the PNS

A

-afferent, or sensory neurons
-efferent, or motor neurons

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6
Q

send impulses to the CNS, where they are interpreted

A

afferent neurons

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7
Q

receive the impulses from the brain and transmit these impulses through the spinal cord to the effector organ cells

A

efferent neurons

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8
Q

efferent pathways of ANS are divided into 2 branches

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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9
Q

the sympathetic nervous system is also called

A

adrenergic system

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10
Q

the parasympathetic system is also called

A

cholinergic system

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11
Q

neurotransmitter of SNS

A

norepinephrine

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12
Q

neurotransmitter of PNS

A

acetylcholine

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13
Q

list bodily functions of SNS

A

-pupils dilate
-saliva inhibited
-airways dilate
-heart rate increases
-stomach inhibits digestion
-liver releases glucose
-intestines inhibit digestions
-kidneys release adrenaline
-bladder relaxes
-reproductive system decreases blood flow

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14
Q

list bodily functions of PNS

A

-pupils contract
-salivation
-airways contract
-heart rate slows
-stomach digests
-intestines digest
-bladder constrict
-reproductive system increases blood flow

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15
Q

mechanism of adrenergic agonists

A

mimic norepinephrine or epinephrine

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16
Q

examples of adrenergic agonists

A

-epinephrine (anaphylaxis)
-albuterol (asthma)
-dobutamine (heart failure)

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17
Q

mechanism of adrenergic antagonists

A

block effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine

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18
Q

examples of adrenergic antagonists

A

-propranolol (hypertension)
-atenolol (angina)
-prazosin (BPH)

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19
Q

list the 2 cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

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20
Q

mediate rest-and-digest functions

A

muscarinic receptors

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21
Q

involved in muscle contraction and transmission

A

nicotinic receptors

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22
Q

mechanism of cholinergic agonists

A

mimic acetylcholine

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23
Q

examples of cholinergic agonists

A

-bethanechol (urinary retention)
-pilocarpine (glaucoma)

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24
Q

mechanism of anticholinergics

A

block acetlycholine at muscarinic receptors

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25
Q

examples of anticholinergics

A

-atropine (bradycardia)
-ipratropium (COPD)
-scopolamine (motion sickness)

26
Q

adverse effects of adrenergic drugs

A

-tachycardia
-hypertension
-anxiety

27
Q

adverse effects of cholinergic drugs

A

-bradycardia
-hypotension
-increased secretions

28
Q

adverse effects of anticholinergics

A

-dry mouth
-constipation
-urinary retention

29
Q

what does RAAS stand for

A

renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

30
Q

an enzyme located in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is released when blood pressure decreases.

A

renin

31
Q

angiotensin II acts on the ________ gland for stimulate release of ____________

A
  1. adrenal
  2. aldosterone
32
Q

angiotensin II is a ___________ of all blood vessels. It acts on the _________ muscle

A
  1. constrictor
  2. smooth
33
Q

class of drugs that increase the amount of urine the body produces, helping to remove excess fluid and salt

A

Diuretics

34
Q

list examples of osmotic diuretics

A

Mannitol, Glycerin, Isosorbide, Urea

35
Q

list examples of loop diuretics

A

Bumetanide, Furosemide, Torsemide

36
Q

list examples of Thiazide diuretics

A

chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide

37
Q

list examples of potassium sparing diuretics

A

eplerenone, spironolactone

38
Q

type of diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of water and sodium

A

osmotic diuretics

39
Q

class of drugs that increase urine production to treat fluid overload conditions, such as heart failure, hypertension, and edema

A

loop diuretics

40
Q

class of drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of 3% to 5% of luminal sodium in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron

A

thiazide diuretics

41
Q

drugs that cause diuresis without causing potassium loss in the urine. They are typically used as an adjunct in management of hypertension, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure

A

potassium sparing diuretics

42
Q

blocks activation of beta ONE and TWO receptors in SNS, stops fight or flight

A

non-selective beta adrenergic antagonists

43
Q

blocks activation of beta ONE receptors in SNS, stops fight or flight

A

selective beta adrenergic antagonist

44
Q

blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, increases renin levels and decreases aldosterone leading to vasodilation

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEs)

45
Q

inhibits vasoconstrictive properties of angiotensin II

A

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

46
Q

list calcium channel blockers that act on the heart and the blood vessels

A

-Verapamil
-Diltiazem

47
Q

list calcium channel blockers that act ONLY on the blood vessels

A

-Nifedipine
-Amlodipine
-Felodipine
-Isradipine
-Nicardipine
-Nimodipine

48
Q

what are the drug endings for ACE inhibtors/ARBs

A

-pril/ -sartan

49
Q

what are the drug endings of BETA BLOCKERS

A

-olol

50
Q

what are the drug endings of CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

A

-mil/ -dipine

51
Q

what are the drug endings of DIURETICS

A

-ide

52
Q

drug examples of ARBs

A

-losartan
-valsartan
-irbesartan

53
Q

drug examples of ACEs

A

-enalapril
-lisinopril
-captopril

54
Q

drug examples of selective Beta Adrenergic Antagonists

A

-acebutolol
-ateneolol
-betaxolol

55
Q

drug examples of non-selective Beta Adrenergic Antagonists

A

-propranolol
-nadolol
-pindolol

56
Q

A patient with heart failure reports nausea and vision changes after starting digoxin. What do you suspect

A

the patient has digoxin toxicity

57
Q

reduces venous return to heart, causing a decrease in ventricular contraction

A

venodilators

58
Q

examples of anticoagulants

A

-heparin
-warfarin

59
Q

examples of antiplatelets

A

-aspirin
-clopidogrel

60
Q

examples of thrombolytics

A

-alteplase

61
Q

how do anticoagulants differ from antiplatelets

A

Anticoagulants slow down the process of clotting. Antiplatelet agents prevent platelets from clumping to form a clot

62
Q

why are statins often the first choice for lipid lowering

A

Statins decrease the body’s production of cholesterol and increase removal of cholesterol by the liver so they reduce LDL cholesterol levels by as much as 25 to 55 percent

NCM-106 (2 decks)

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